Bird beaks develop from an embryonic group of cells called neural crest cells that are part of the neural tube that gives rise to the spinal column and related structures. Amazingly, neural crest cells can be surgically transplanted from one embryo to another, even between embryos of different species. When quail neural crest cells were transplanted into duck embryos, the beak of the host embryo developed into a shape similar to that found in quails, creating the “quck.” Duck cells were recruited in addition to the quail cells to form part of the quck beak. Conversely, when duck neural crest cells were transplanted into quail embryos, the beak of the embryo resembled that of a duck, creating a “duail,” and quail cells were recruited to form part of the beak. What do these experiments tell you about the autonomy or non-autonomy of the transplanted and host cells during beak development?
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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- D) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardian of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing too fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. eg Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will…arrow_forwardAcquired mutation in the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration found in human cancer (> 50% of all cancers). A germline mutation in p53 is the causative lesion of Li- Fraumeni familial cancer syndrome. In many tumors, one p53 allele on chromosome 17p is deleted and the other is mutated. What type of protein is encoded by the p53 gene? (A) Caspase (B) DNA repair enzyme (C) Membrane cell adhesion molecule (D) Serine phosphatase (E) Telomerase (F) Transcription factor (G) Tyrosine kinasearrow_forwardWhat specific molecular factors determine the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into different cell types during development?arrow_forward
- Your friend can't understand how it is possible to combine a somatic cell from their pet with an oocyte from a different animal and create a clone of their pet. Won't the animal that develops be the offspring of the two animals rather than a clone of the animal that donated the somatic cell? Explain to your friend why this is not the case.arrow_forward64. Embryonic stem (ES) cells differ from somatic stem cells in that ... a) ES cells can only be derived from early embryos, whereas somatic stem cells are present in adult tissues. b) ES cells retain the ability to renew themselves, whereas somatic stem cells do not. c) ES cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into any cell type in the developing embryo, whereas somatic stem cells are considered multipotent in that they produce a more limited number of differentiated cell types. d) a and c e) a, b and carrow_forwardWhat are some of the ethical issues that arise from using embryonic stem cells?(b) To avoid these issues, scientists use IPSCs. What are the pros and cons to using iPSCs inrelation to embryonic stem cells?arrow_forward
- Marfan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes aprotein called fibrillin-1. It is inherited as a dominant trait. Thefibrillin-1 protein is the main constituent of extracellular microfibrils.These microfibrils can exist as individual fibers or associatewith a protein called elastin to form elastic fibers. People with thedisorder tend to be unusually tall with long limbs, and they mayhave defects in their heart valves and aorta. Let’s suppose aphenotypically unaffected woman has a child with a man whohas Marfan syndrome.A. What is the probability this child will have the disease?B. If this couple has three children, what is the probability thatnone of them will have Marfan syndrome?arrow_forwardd)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.arrow_forwardMSH2 is a gene commonly associated with HNPCC (Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). This gene encodes a protein that is involved in mismatch repair. Why are individuals who are heterozygous for the deletion mutation of MSH2 gene (MSH2+/MSH2-) from birth are very likely to develop colon cancer very early in their lives?arrow_forward
- Which of the examples of genetic testing below are prognostic tests? Which are diagnostic? (a) Individual sequencing (personal genomics) identifies a mutation associated with Alzheimer’s disease. (b) ASO testing determines that an individual is a carrier for the mutant b@globin allele (bS) found in sickle-cell anemia. (c) DNA sequencing of a breast tumor reveals mutations in the BRCA1 gene. (d) Genetic testing in a healthy teenager identifies an SNP correlated with autism. (e) An adult diagnosed with Asperger syndrome (AS) has a genetic test that reveals a SNP in the GABRB3 gene that is significantly more common in people with AS than the general population.arrow_forwardThe BMP-Nodal gradient so vital to amphibian and fish development may be critically important in other vertebrates (including humans) as well. Moreover, can any field of pluripotent cells (such as human embryonic stem cells)respond to gradients of BMP and Nodal signals?arrow_forwardD) The level of carbon dioxide increases with the level of available oxygen. 60) The TPS3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the guardlan of the genome, this protein acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it regulates cell division by keeping cells from growing and dividing t0o fast or in an uncontrolled way. The p53 protein is located in the nucleus of cells throughout the body, where it attaches directly to DNA and plays a critical role in determining whether the DNA will be repaired or the damaged cell will self- destruct (undergo apoptosis). If the DNA can be repaired, p53 activates other genes to fix the damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired, this protein prevents the cell from dividing and signals it to undergo apoptosis. Suppose chromosomes in a skin cell are damaged by ultraviolet radiation. If the damaged genes do not affect p53, which choice correctly predict if the cell will become cancerous and why? No, the cell will not…arrow_forward
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