Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134605173
Author: Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18, Problem 21P
The Hoxd
a. What would be the consequence of ectopically expressing Hoxd
b. You wish to examine the effect of loss
Figure 18.18
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a. The eyeless gene is required for eye formation in Drosophila. It encodes a homeodomain. What would you predict about the biochemical function of the Eyeless protein?b. Where would you predict that the eyeless gene is expressed in development? How would you test your prediction? c. The Small eye and Aniridia genes of mice and humans, respectively, encode proteins with very strong sequence similarity to the fly Eyeless protein, and they are named for their effects on eye development. Devise one test to examine whether the mouse and human genes are functionally equivalent to the fly eyeless gene.
The easily observed external structures in insects, such as different pairs of legs, antennae, and wings form from imaginal discs.
a.) How is the identity of the different Drosophila imaginal discs established in the embryo—for example, how is it determined whether a disc will form a wing, a leg, or some other structure?
b.) Dominant mutants in the gene Antennapedia result in fore legs forming in the location where antennae are expected. How does this mutant phenotype illustrate your response to Part a?
In flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos−mother, development of the abdomen is inhibited.Flies developing from eggs that have no maternallysupplied hunchback mRNA are normal. Flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos− mother that alsohave no maternally supplied hunchback mRNA arenormal. If too much Hunchback protein accumulatesin the posterior of the egg, abdominal developmentis prevented.a. What do these findings say about the function ofthe Nanos protein and of the hunchback maternallysupplied mRNA?b. What do these findings say about the efficiency ofbiological processes that are subject to evolution?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
Ch. 18 - 18.1 Explain why many developmental genes encode...Ch. 18 - Bird beaks develop from an embryonic group of...Ch. 18 - 18.3 How is positional information provided along...Ch. 18 - Early development in Drosophila is atypical in...Ch. 18 - 18.5 Consider the evenskipped regulatory sequences...Ch. 18 - What is the difference between a parasegment and...Ch. 18 - Why do loss-of-function mutations in Hox genes...Ch. 18 - 18.8 Compare and contrast the specification of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9PCh. 18 - Ablation of the anchor cell in wild type C....
Ch. 18 - 18.11 In gain-of-function and. elegans mutants,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 12PCh. 18 - Prob. 13PCh. 18 - 18.14 Given that maternal Bicoid activates the...Ch. 18 - What phenotypes do you expect in flies homozygous...Ch. 18 - The pair rule gene fushitarazu is expressed in...Ch. 18 - 18.17 In contrast to Drosophila, some insects...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18PCh. 18 - 18.19 You are traveling in the Netherlands and...Ch. 18 - 19.20 A powerful approach to identifying genes of...Ch. 18 - The Hoxd 913 genes are thought to specify digit...Ch. 18 - Three-spined stickleback fish live in lakes formed...Ch. 18 - The flowering jungle plant Lacandoniaschismatica,...Ch. 18 - 18.24 Homeotic genes are thought to regulate each...Ch. 18 - Prob. 25PCh. 18 - Basidiomycota is a monophyletic group of fungi...Ch. 18 - Prob. 27PCh. 18 - In C. elegans there are two sexes: hermaphrodite...Ch. 18 - In Drosophila, recessive mutations in the...
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- In Drosophila sex determination (Check all that apply.) A) XY individuals transcribe the Sxl gene early but not late. B XX individuals carry the Sxl gene, XY individuals do not. XX individuals transcribe the Sxl gene, XY individuals do not. XX individuals express the Sxl protein, XY individuals do not. E) The Sxl transcript (Pre-MRNA) is spliced differently in XX compared to XY individuals.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a maternal-effect gene and a zygotic gene? Of the following genes that play a role in Drosophila development, which are maternal-effect genes and which are zygotic? Explain your answer. A. nanos B. Antp C. bicoid D. labarrow_forwardFlies homozygous for recessive null mutations in thesevenless (sev) or bride-of-sevenless (boss) genes have the same mutant phenotype: Every ommatidium(facet) in their eyes lacks photoreceptor cell 7 (R7).The R7 cells enable flies to detect UV light.a. Given that flies normally move toward light, suggest a screening method that would enable you toidentify mutations in additional genes required forR7 determination.b. Would you be able to recover mutations in everygene required for R7 development with yourmethod? Explain.c. How could you tell whether any of the new mutationsyou found in your screen are alleles of sev or boss?d. Suppose you found one recessive mutant allele ofa gene not previously known to be involved in eyedevelopment. How could you use this allele in anew mutagenesis screen to find additional allelesof this gene? Why might you want additional mutant alleles to study the process?arrow_forward
- The Drosophila gene Sex lethal (Sxl) is deserving of itsname. Certain alleles have no effect on XY animals butcause XX animals to die early in development. Other alleles have no effect on XX animals but cause XY animals to die early in development. Thus, some Sxl allelesare lethal to females, while others are lethal to males.a. Would you expect a null mutation in Sxl to causelethality in males or in females? b. Why do Sxl alleles of either type cause lethality ina specific sex?The gene transformer (tra) gets its name from sexualtransformation, as some tra alleles can change XXanimals into morphological males, while other traalleles can change XY animals into morphologicalfemales.c. Which of these sex transformations would becaused by null alleles of tra and which would becaused by constitutively active alleles of tra?d. In contrast with Sxl, null tra mutations do notcause lethality either in XX or in XY animals.However, the Sxl protein regulates the productionof the Tra protein. Why…arrow_forwardYou are interested in studying position effect variegation in Drosophila using the chromosome depicted below: Deactivation of the w+ gene gives a white eye phenotype and deactivation of the rst+ gene gives a rough eye phenotype; the normal phenotypes are red and smooth. Because the rst+ and w+ genes have now been placed close to a heterochromatic domain, some sections (or sectors) of the eye display mutant phenotypes due to gene deactivation while others display the normal, wild type phenotype. Which phenotype would you not expect to see rst w Inverted X chromosome white smooth eye sectors white rough eye sectors red smooth eye sectors red rough eye sectorsarrow_forwardName three possible factors contributing to early asymmetries in a developing embryo (i.e. what are the kinds of things early on that lead to the development of the body axes - dn, a/p, l/r, etc)? In the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-to-posterior body axis becomes segmented into distinct regions. explain the role of the genes bicoid and nanos in this process.arrow_forward
- ) Explain how and why dorsal/ventral polarity will be affected in fly Question 3 (1. embryos carrying the following mutations; also in each case darken in the area of the cells in the cross-sectional view of the fly embryo which are expected to express the paulie gene. D = dorsal; V = ventral. a) a mutation which results in the deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the Cookie protein. b) A mutation which results in a constitutively active Bombe protein, i.e. the Bombe protein is always in an activated state. c) A mutation which causes the Pickle protein to be retained in the cytoplasm of the embryo.arrow_forwardExplain hoxA3 and HoxD3 genes are nearly equivalent yet they play distinct roles in the development of mouse.arrow_forward12. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to the GFPcoding sequence, what DNA element(s) must youinclude in order to express this protein in flies if theconstruct were integrated into the Drosophila genome? Where should such DNA element(s) be located? How would you ensure that GFP is expressedonly in certain tissues of the fly, such as the wing?b. Suppose you insert the GFP coding region plus allof the DNA elements required by the answer to part(a)—except the enhancer—between inverted repeatsfound at the ends of a particular transposable element.Because all of the DNA sequences located betweenthese inverted repeats can move from place to placein the Drosophila genome, you can generate manydifferent fly strains, each with the construct integrated at a different genomic location. You now examine animals from each strain for GFPfluorescence. Animals from different strains showdifferent patterns: some glow green in the eyes,others in…arrow_forward
- Following a mutagenesis experiment to identify novel genes affecting the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster you discover several mutants. You start considering two of those mutants that you call C and d. The two homozygous C/C and d/d are arrhythmic (arrhythmic is the definition of their phenotype), whereas the two heterozygous C/C and D/d are rhythmic (rhythmic is the definition of their phenotype) with a 24h period. You make two true-breeding stocks: stock 3 homozygous for C and stock 4 homozygous for d. You cross them in both directions and in both cases you observe complementation with no difference between males and females. Then you take the progeny of one cross, for instance the F1 of Females 3 x Males 4, and you perform a Testcross. Out of 1000 flies resulting from the Testcross only 125 are rhythmic. Using the number of flies expected for the Parental and the Recombinant genotypes and the formula that defines recombination frequency, what is the distance between loci C…arrow_forwardDrosophila females homozygous for loss-of-functionmutations in the gene aubergine are sterile. RNA-Seqexperiments show that in the ovaries of these females,the levels of RNAs for many kinds of transposable elements are more than 10× higher than in wild-type ovaries. The aubergine gene encodes a Piwi-family protein.a. Why do you think these females are sterile?b. Piwi proteins interact with piRNAs that are transcribed from piRNA gene clusters. Given that thelevels of many kinds of TEs are elevated in mutantovaries, what kinds of DNA sequences do youthink are located in these clusters?c. Many investigators think of piRNAs as a kind ofdefensive mechanism that protects organisms fromthe effects of new transposable elements that mightbe introduced into genomes, for example fromother species. Explainarrow_forwardFollowing a mutagenesis experiment to identify novel genes affecting the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster you discover several mutants. You start considering two of those mutants that you call c and d. The two homozygous c/c and d/d are arrhythmic (arrhythmic is the definition of their phenotype), whereas the two heterozygous C/c and D/d are rhythmic (rhythmic is the definition of their phenotype) with a 24h period. You make two true-breeding stocks: stock 3 homozygous for c and stock 4 homozygous for d. You cross them in both directions and in both cases you observe complementation with no difference between males and females. Then you take the progeny of one cross, for instance the F1 of Females 3 x Males 4, and you perform a Testcross. Out of 1000 flies resulting from the Testcross only 125 are rhythmic. Considering that out of 1000 flies resulting from the Testcross only 125 are rhythmic how many flies in total are approximatively expected for the Parental genotypes?…arrow_forward
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