Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Textbook Question
Chapter 17, Problem 11WIO
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes most cases of tuberculosis. Strains of this bacterium that are resistant to all known antibiotics have become increasingly common. Explain how this change occurred; use the terms mutation, DNA, and natural selection in your answer.
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New mutations are removed from the population by means of _____ due to the deleterious consequences of the disease (two words).
Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. Eliminating competitors provides more resources for the antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that have the genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes that confer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracycline is made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besides the genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciens also has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, it would kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however, many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracycline have acquired the genes that confer…
Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade. Using your knowledge of genetics, briefly describe one method by which bacterial populations can develop drug resistance. Do NOT use "mutation" as your answer. Be more specific. From what you learned in this chapter, how would the bacteria be able to change or mutate in order to become antibiotic resistant?
Explain why the following statement is false: Sexual reproduction is the only mechanism for genetic change. Do NOT use Mutation as your answer. Be more specific: what are other mechanisms by which microbes can change or mutate their DNA?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 17.1 - What are two domains that contain prokaryotes?Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 17.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.2 - What does the Gram stain reveal about a cell?Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 4MCCh. 17.2 - Prob. 5MCCh. 17.2 - How are molecular data changing microbial...
Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 7MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17.4 - What adaptations enable pathogenic bacteria to...Ch. 17.4 - What are some practical uses of bacteria and...Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 17.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 17 - A prokaryotic cell is one that a. lacks DNA. b....Ch. 17 - Which of these is a distinguishing characteristic...Ch. 17 - What feature distinguishes the cell walls of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 17 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 17 - Explain why the antibiotics penicillin and...Ch. 17 - Give five examples that illustrate how bacteria...Ch. 17 - If you were developing a new "broad-spectrum"...Ch. 17 - Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as a...Ch. 17 - In an article in Nature magazine, Sean Nee wrote...Ch. 17 - Ecosystems rely on nitrogen -fixing bacteria,...Ch. 17 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 9WIOCh. 17 - Prob. 10WIOCh. 17 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes most cases of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 1PITCh. 17 - Add autotrophs, heterotrophs, phototrophs, and...Ch. 17 - Prob. 3PITCh. 17 - Prob. 4PITCh. 17 - Prob. 5PIT
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- Explain the process of adaptation of individual organisms to their environment (i.e. some disease-causing bacteria in a bacterial population can survive exposure to antibiotics due to slight genetic variations from the rest of the population, which allows successful surviving bacteria to pass on antibiotic resistance to the next generation)arrow_forwardSome advocate stockpiling the drug Tamiflu in the event of an influenza pandemic. Others point out that wealthy, Western nations would have an unfair advantage because developing nations (where the pandemic is most likely to start) would not have access to this expensive antiviral. Furthermore, some fear that indiscriminate use of the drug would promote the evolution of resistant flu strains. Given these caveats, do you think developed nations should stockpile Tamiflu for the protection and treatment of their citizens? Explain your answerarrow_forwardIs the following statement true? “Antigenic drift and other mutations to the DNA of viruses are always beneficial for the virus.” Yes, because mutated viruses are able to infect more hosts. No, because mutated viruses are may be less likely to replicate. Yes, because mutated viruses have less mRNA so they can copy and replicate faster. No, because different mutations cause a variety of immune responses. Stuck between 1st and 2nd answers. I think it's the 2nd, but would like confirmation. Thanks.arrow_forward
- Go to the NCBI’s website at https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov On the database dropdown menu, select “Gene” and search for “RB1.” The first entry should be on the Homo sapiens version; click the gene name. Use the information to answer the following: Return to the RefSeq section in the Gene Database for RB1 (back click once from where you were for part c). Click on the link under “mRNA and Protein(s)” listed as NM_000321.3. This will take you to the mature mRNA sequence data: a. Scroll back up to “Features.” As you are scrolling, count the number of “exon” links there are. What is an exon? How many exons make up the RB1 transcript? b. As you scroll through the “Features” list, observe some of the miscellaneous features (“misc_feature”) of the transcript. These are examples of annotations, which give more information about the sequence than just the order of bases. For example, “misc_feature 916…918” is a “phosphothreonine, by CDK1.” What information can you interpret from this annotation?…arrow_forwardYou are given two samples of DNA, one from Clostridium perfringens and the other from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unfortunately, the labels on the tubes of DNA were accidentally removed, and you do not know which DNA sample belongs to which organism. As you were doing some work with Escherichia coli in the lab, you also have some of its DNA available as well. The %G + %C values for each of the organisms is known (C. perfringens, 27%; M. tuberculosis, 67%; E. coli, 50%). Based upon this information, how could you quickly determine the source of the DNA for your two samples?arrow_forwardGo to the NCBI’s website at https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov On the database dropdown menu, select “Gene” and search for “RB1.” The first entry should be on the Homo sapiens version; click the gene name. Use the information to answer the following: Return to the RefSeq section in the Gene Database for RB1 (back click once from where you were for part c). Click on the link under “mRNA and Protein(s)” listed as NM_000321.3. This will take you to the mature mRNA sequence data: a. How many bases long is the full-length RB1 mRNA transcript? b. Scroll down to “Features.” Click on “CDS.” This will highlight the coding sequence region of the RB1 mRNA. This is the sequence that will be translated into a protein. At what positions (numbers) does the coding sequence start and stop? How long is the coding sequence? How many amino acids should this encode for? (HINT: does the stop codon encode an amino acid?)arrow_forward
- A mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival. Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria. The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals. The picture would be here: Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up _____ percent of the entire colony.arrow_forwardWhat class of mutations do you think would be less likely to lead to CF? Please explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding versus genetic modification. Why might a person choose to use selective breeding over genetic modification? Why might a person choose to create a GMO over a selectively bred organism? Use three to five sentences to formulate your argument.arrow_forward
- Search for actual mutations that happened to the E. coli bacteria (prokaryotic cells) and where the mutation happened and in which gene. Is the mutated trait recessive or dominant? lastly describe how harmful, or beneficial those mutations were?arrow_forwardBacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell. Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infectionarrow_forwardUsing the question in the image below, identify the locations of each mutation in strains 1, 2, and 3arrow_forward
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