Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Question
Chapter 16, Problem 7WIO
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The reason why a mutation in a gene encoding a T cell coreceptor to which HIV binds might be beneficial.
Introduction:
A certain type of white platelet called a T cell plays a crucial role in the immune system and is at the core of the system known as versatile immunity, which is responsible for adjusting the body's response to specific bacteria. The T cells are like warriors who seek out and kill the targeted intruders.
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Explain :
Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages
You are investigating a case of SCID in which you have observed that the diversity of
both T- and B- cells (that is, diversity of both the TCRS and BCRS on the cells of this
patient) is drastically reduced. List two genes whose mutation could produce this
result, and briefly explain what each one's product normally does.
1:Describe the various stages of T cells and the events that occur during each of these stages during T cell development. What stages of T cell development would be affected in mice with the following genetic mutations? Justify your answer.
a) Mice that do not express MHC Class I molecule.
b) Mice that do not express Rag1
c) Mice that do not express the pre-T-alpha chain
2:Transgenic mice that have constitutive expression of Rag1/2 are being used in an experiment to study pre-BCR signaling. Based on your knowledge of early B cell development, speculate on what might be the fate of BCR rearrangement and how will this affect further development of B cells in the bone marrow?
please answer in full detail I want long well explained answers.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 16.1 - How are viruses similar to and different from...Ch. 16.1 - What determines a viruss host range?Ch. 16.1 - How do viruses evolve?Ch. 16.2 - Describe the five steps in viral replication.Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 16.3 - Prob. 1MCCh. 16.3 - How is a lysogenic infection similar to and...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 16.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 16.4 - Prob. 3MC
Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 4MCCh. 16.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 16.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 16.6 - How are viroids and prions different from viruses?Ch. 16.6 - How do viroids and prions cause disease?Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 3MCCh. 16.7 - How did researchers gather data about SIV...Ch. 16.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 16 - Which of the following is NOT a feature associated...Ch. 16 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 16 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 16 - Although some viruses are complete after the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 16 - Which enzyme copies HTVs genetic material, forming...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 16 - What is a prion? a. A highly wound circle of RNA...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1WIOCh. 16 - Your biology lab instructor gives you a petridish...Ch. 16 - Why is it inaccurate to refer to the "growth" of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4WIOCh. 16 - Rhinoviruses replicate in the mucus-producing...Ch. 16 - Prob. 6WIOCh. 16 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 16 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 16 - Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but leave viruses...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10WIOCh. 16 - Prob. 11WIOCh. 16 - How is a biological virus similar to and different...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1PITCh. 16 - How is a virus similar to and different from a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 3PIT
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Similar questions
- Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells andAPCs. How does this relate to the activation of a much largerpopulation of T cells than normal upon exposure tosuperantigens?arrow_forwardExplain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: Identify important target ISGs. Discuss the general mechanisms by which interferon induced genes block virus replication.arrow_forwardSerum from individuals with high levels of antibody to SARS-CoV2 has been used to treat patients with severe COVID-19. What is ONE way (there are several) that passive immunization with the antibody to the virus could help these patients? HINT: think about what opsonization with antibody could do for the innate immune response.arrow_forward
- Describe in detail what is meant by a "self- restricted/ self-tolerant" T cell. A diagram is helpful here.arrow_forwardSome viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…arrow_forwardWiskott–Aldrich syndrome is an immunodeficiency disease due to mutations in the gene encoding WASp. Individuals with this disease make poor antibody responses to protein antigens, due to impaired T cell help for B cells. WASp-deficient T cells are likely impaired in providing adequate help to B cells due to: A. Defects in up-regulating expression of genes encoding cytokines required by B cells B. Defects in up-regulating metabolic pathways for T cell macromolecular synthesis C. Defects in up-regulating expression of genes needed for T cell survival D. Defects in cytoskeletal reorganization needed for directed T cell cytokine secretion E. Defects in up-regulating T cell integrin adhesion for stable interactions with B cellsarrow_forward
- Human genome-wide genetic association (GWAS) studies have identified several genetic polymorphisms that contribute to HIV control, and the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Which two immune cell subsets are implicated by these data as important regulators of HIV replication and the rate of disease progression?arrow_forwardDescribe the term "in-frame" and also the reason that it would be necessary for the generation of diversity in antigen receptors.arrow_forwardToll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complementarrow_forward
- To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some investigations have used the EL4 mouse thymoma line. This tumor cell line was derived from a C57BL/6 mouse, and represents a type of T cell lymphoma. When transplanted into Rag-deficient mice, the mice rapidly succumb to the tumor. This is also the case when the mice receive wild-type C57BL/6 T cells the day before tumor cell injection. However, Rag-deficient mice were protected when the transferred T cells came from mice that lacked expression of one cytokine receptor, as shown in the fugure below. Name one likely candidate for the cytokine receptor that is knocked out in the T cells that are able to protect the mice.arrow_forwardExplain the role of Ras.GTP and Rac.GTP in the formation of active AP-1 during T- cell activation.arrow_forwardThere are several important mechanisms for generating diversity in immunoglobulin and T cell receptors. Explain the similarities and differences in mechanisms that generates diversity in these receptors.arrow_forward
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