(a)
To determine:. At which step during cardiac cycle a murmur is heard in a disease called valvular aortic stenosis
Introduction:. Aortic valvular stenosis is a common and serious valve disease problem. This disease is caused due to the narrowing of the aortic valve opening, which results in the restriction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, and also the pressure in the left atrium is affected.
(b)
To determine: At which step during cardiac cycle, a murmur is heard in a disease called mitral valve regurgitation.
Introduction: Mitral valve comprises of structures which work synchronously to open during diastole and close in systole with high pressure surrounding Whenever the left ventricle contracts if there is leakage of blood backward through the mitral valve, it causes mitral valve regurgitation.
(c)
To determine:. At which step during cardiac cycle, a murmur is heard in a disease called aortic valve regurgitation.
Introduction: Aortic valve helps in closing the lower left chamber of heart so that the oxygen-containing blood can be help before it is pumped out to the body and opening it so that blood can flow from left ventricle to aorta and to body.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- A) A heart murmur indicates some kind of valve __________?__________. B) A heart valve that has a smaller than average opening is said to be ______________?________. (See heart murmur video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBwr2GZCmQM C.) Describe where you would place a stethoscope to hear the sounds of each of the following heart valves: -Aortic: -Pulmonary: -Tricuspid: -Mitral: D.) At which of the superficial pulse points would you expect to feel the strongest pulse? ___?____.arrow_forwardYou wanted to prepare a fish dish for your grandfather that he loves the dried salted Codfish. But you noticed that this might be causing a problem for your elder grandfather since he has hypertension, what would you do to remove the salt from the fish? (Answer with one word) What is the mechanism by which the salt gets out from the fish? (one word) Please put a comma and space between * the two answers word. Answer:arrow_forwardAll the blood that passes through the aorta, except the blood that flowsinto the coronary vessels, returns to the heart through the venae cavae.(Hint: The diameter of the aorta is 26 mm, and the diameter of avena cava is 32 mm.) Explain why the resistance to blood flow in theaorta is greater than the resistance to blood flow in the venae cavae.Because the resistances are different, explain why blood flow can bethe same.arrow_forward
- Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a rapid and unorganized beating of the upper chambers of the heart. It is generally not life-threatening in the short term, but it dramatically impacts how a patient feels, and it can have bad consequences in the long term. One of those “bad consequences” is stroke, caused by blood clots that can form in the atria when they are “fibrillating” for long periods of time, and the clots subsequently flow to the brain. We are now planning a study to see whether a new therapy (perhaps cryoablation plus a new drug) is better than a control therapy (perhaps cryotherapy plus an old drug) at preventing stroke or death. Our primary endpoint will be a composite of stroke or all-cause mortality, and we will structure this as a time-to-event analysis. We think the new therapy will lead to a reduction in risk of 40% (that is, a hazard ratio of 0.60). How many events must we observe (combined across both therapy groups) in order to have 95% power to detect a reduction…arrow_forwardSelect the FALSE statement: /////////////////www. OA) This abnormal ECG results in increased stroke volume O B) In this abnormal ECG, the ventricles are not stimulated to contract by the SA node, the natural pacemaker. of the heart O C) This abnormal ECG is compatible with life so far as the individual does not engage in strenuous activities OD) This abnormal ECG results in decreased in CO OE) None of the abovearrow_forwardIn dilated cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle, the ventricle can become enormously enlarged. Explain why this might lead to regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve (blood flowing from the ventricle back into the left atrium) during ventricular systole?arrow_forward
- The first sound of a cardiac cycle occurs when the _____ and ______ (select them in alphabetical order) are closing. The second sound of a cardicac cycle occurs when the _______ and ________ (select them in alphabetical order) are closing. Word Options for Blanks: (some may not be used, some may be used more than once) aorta aortic valve bicuspid valve coronary sinus inferior vena cava left atrium left ventricle pulmonary arteries pulmonary trunk pulmonary valve pulmonary veins right atrium right ventricle superior vena cava tricuspid valvearrow_forwardThe exact cause of blood clotting in the left atrium of the heart during atrial fibrillation (AF) is not known. In part it might be due to blood stasis (not moving) or it may result in combination with endothelial cells damage. (A) What are the potential mechanisms that might drive clotting and what markers might you look for in the blood to predict potential risk? (B) Other than treating the arrhythmia, what other pharmacological intervention might be provided to AF sufferers?arrow_forwardConsidering the function of the heart, why is it important that the myocardium cannot be tetanized?arrow_forward
- What is the tissue type for the following structures of the heart Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Right atrium right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Auricles Papillary muscles Fossa Ovalis Pectinate Muscles Chordae Tendinae Interventricular septum Tricuspid, pulmonary, Bicuspid, mitral, and Aortic semilunar valves pulmonary trunk Pulmonary artery Aorta Arteries Sinus/veinsarrow_forwardEctopic beats can be caused by myocardial iritability. As A/Os we may be able to reduce myocardial imitability (and thus the number of ectopics) through good quality patient care. Explain how this can be achieved.arrow_forwardA patient is admitted to the emergency room of a hospital complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. Upon receiving the test results, it is determined that the individual is experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI). What anatomical changes occur during this condition, and what is/are the likely consequence(s)?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning