Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605197
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 14.3, Problem 14CC
At the molecular level, what is happening during the refractory period in neurons and muscle fibers?
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A(n) ["action potential", "muscle twitch", "contraction"] consists of a wave of depolarization that moves along the plasma membrane of a neuron or a muscle fiber. This wave of depolarization is immediately followed by repolarization.
Depolarization is when the cell's membrane potential becomes more ["resting", "negative", "positive"] .
Depolarization occurs when calcium channels open in the plasma membrane.
Repolarization is when the cell's membrane potential becomes more ["resting", "positive", "negative"] , returning the cell to its resting potential.
Repolarization occurs when ["calcium", "sodium", "potassium"] channels close and ["sodium", "calcium", "potassium"] channels open.
How does the neuron activate the muscle fiber?
Use key terms below and identify them on a diagram.
Brain, motor neuron, action potential (AP), neuromuscular junction (NMJ), muscle fiber
How can a number of smooth muscle cells be influenced by neurotransmitters from a single neuron?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Ch. 14.1 - A cardiovascular system has what three major...Ch. 14.1 - What is the difference between (a) the pulmonary...Ch. 14.2 - Which is more important for determining flow...Ch. 14.2 - The two identical tubes below have the pressures...Ch. 14.2 - All four tubes below have the same driving...Ch. 14.2 - Two canals in Amsterdam are identical in size, but...Ch. 14.3 - What prevents electrical signals from passing...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 8CCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 9CCCh. 14.3 - Compare the receptors and channels involved in...
Ch. 14.3 - If a myocardial contractile cell is placed in...Ch. 14.3 - A drug that blocks all Ca2+ channels in the...Ch. 14.3 - Which ions moving in what directions cause the...Ch. 14.3 - At the molecular level, what is happening during...Ch. 14.3 - Lidocaine is a molecule that blocks the action of...Ch. 14.3 - What does increasing K+ permeability do to the...Ch. 14.3 - A new cardiac drug called ivabradine selectively...Ch. 14.3 - Do you think that the Ca2+ channels in...Ch. 14.3 - What happens to the action potential of a...Ch. 14.3 - In an experiment, the vagus nerve, which carries...Ch. 14.4 - Name two functions of the AV node. What is the...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 22CCCh. 14.4 - Occasionally an ectopic pacemaker {ktopos, out of...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 24CCCh. 14.4 - Which chamberatrium or ventriclehas higher...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 26CCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 27CCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 28CCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 29CCCh. 14.4 - Why does ventricular pressure shoot up suddenly at...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 31CCCh. 14.4 - Prob. 32CCCh. 14.4 - A persons aortic valve opening has become...Ch. 14 - What contributions to understanding the...Ch. 14 - List three functions of the cardiovascular system.Ch. 14 - Prob. 3RQCh. 14 - Prob. 4RQCh. 14 - Prob. 5RQCh. 14 - Prob. 6RQCh. 14 - Prob. 7RQCh. 14 - Distinguish between the two members of each of the...Ch. 14 - Prob. 9RQCh. 14 - Prob. 10RQCh. 14 - What is the proper term for each of the following?...Ch. 14 - List the events of the cardiac cycle in sequence,...Ch. 14 - Prob. 13RQCh. 14 - Compare and contrast the structure of a cardiac...Ch. 14 - Prob. 15RQCh. 14 - Correlate the waves of an ECG with mechanical...Ch. 14 - Prob. 17RQCh. 14 - List and briefly explain four types of information...Ch. 14 - Define inotropic effect. Name two drugs that have...Ch. 14 - Prob. 20RQCh. 14 - Police Captain Jeffers has suffered a myocardial...Ch. 14 - Prob. 22RQCh. 14 - Prob. 23RQCh. 14 - Police Captain Jeffers in question 21 has an...Ch. 14 - Prob. 25RQCh. 14 - Prob. 26RQCh. 14 - Prob. 27RQCh. 14 - A person has a total blood volume of 5 L. Of this...
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- *When dynamic y-motor neurons are activated at the same time as a-motor neurons to muscle, [A] prompt inhibition of discharge in spindle la afferents takes place. [B] clonus is likely to occur. [C] the muscle will not contract. [D] the number of impulses in spindle la afferents is smaller than when a discharge alone is increased. [E] the number of impulses in spindle la afferents is greater than when a discharge alone is increased.arrow_forwardHow do both negative and positive feedback contributeto the changes in membrane potential during an actionpotential?arrow_forwardIdentify the important physiological structures involved in action potential; then, explain in detail how one nerve action potential causes one muscle action potential.arrow_forward
- How is resting membrane potential established in a neuron and muscle cell?arrow_forwarddraw a figure showing the differant between nictonic and muscarnic receptors in skeletal musclearrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism possible for sensing muscle damage and triggering repair? Specifically in exercise and building muscle. Write full mechanism at the cellular level.arrow_forward
- f) In relation to the size principle of motor unit recruitment, the mechanism of recruitment order is directly related to the: a) Size (cross-sectional area) of muscle fibres. b) Size (diameter) of the motor axons. c) Size of the motoneuron soma and dendrites. d) All of the above.arrow_forwardPut the following events in chronological order. (Some of the steps may be missing.)1) Ca*+ floods into the pre-synaptic neuron.2) ch (Acetylcholine) binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma.3) Na+ floods into the post-synaptic muscle cell.4) The A.P arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal causing Ca+ channels to open.5) Ach from the synaptic vesicles spills into the pre-synaptic cleft.6) A post-synaptic action potential results in the muscle fiber (depolarizationarrow_forwardExplain the importance of a long refractory period incardiac muscle.arrow_forward
- Which of the conditions would result in the greatest action potential frequency in afferent neurons from muscle-spindle receptors?arrow_forwardIn an experiment, it was determined that the motor (effector) neuron for muscle fibre 1 had a threshold level of -5 mV. The motor (effector) neuron for muscle fibre 2 had a threshold level of -16 mV. An electrical probe was used to stimulate these two effector neurons of the muscle fibres. Which of the following rows correctly identifies the reaction of each muscle fibre based on the applied stimulus voltage? Select one: а. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 -10 mV Contracted Relaxed b. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 -20 mV Relaxed Contracted С. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 - 10 mV Relaxed Contracted d. Stimulus Voltage Muscle Fibre 1 Muscle Fibre 2 - 20 mV Contracted Relaxedarrow_forwardMulti-cell recordings from the human motor cortex can be used to guide a robotic arm. Discuss BCI and action control: a) How the woman controls the robotic arm b) She has been paralyzed for over 20 years, but this BCI system still works for her. What does that mean? c) What kinds of information do motor neurons code?arrow_forward
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