Physical Universe
16th Edition
ISBN: 9780077862619
Author: KRAUSKOPF, Konrad B. (konrad Bates), Beiser, Arthur
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 14, Problem 49E
To determine
The way in which Milankovitch account for the apparent contradiction that the variations in the tilt of the Earth’s axis, the shape of its orbit, and the time of year when the Earth is closest to the sun affects the total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth by no more than 0.3 percent.
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The solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere is about 342 W/m^2. The total radiation absorbed at the surface of the Earth is 494 W/m^2. Explain how it is possible to absorb more radiation at the surface than comes in at the top of the atmosphere.
(Answer should be one paragraph long)
In the graph from the class handout the inflow of energy from the
sun is given as a constant 236 watts per meter squared. To get this
figure we used
L(1 – a) × 236 W/m²,
where L = 1350 W/m²is the solar constant, and a = 0.3 is the
Earth's albedo (meaning that 30% of the Sun's energy is reflected
back into space). The 1/4 comes from averaging the arriving solar
energy over the whole Earth (the surface area of the Earth is 4 times
the area of the "disk of energy" hitting the Earth.)
Using these ideas estimate the inflow of energy to a planet if the
solar constant is 647 watts per meter squared and the planet's
albedo is 0.5.
Round your answer to the near 10 watts per square meter.
Consider a planet where Solar onstant = 1360 W /m2 and albedo=0.30. If the planet has a water vapor feedback so that the number of layers n is a function of surface temperature nT = (T – 254.5)/100, what is the equilibrium surface temperature?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Physical Universe
Ch. 14 - Arrange the following gases in the order of their...Ch. 14 - Much of Tibet lies in altitudes above 5.5 km...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14 - Temperatures in the stratosphere increase with...Ch. 14 - The ozone in the stratosphere a. reflects radio...Ch. 14 - The breakdown of the ozone layer is promoted by...Ch. 14 - Saturated air has a relative humidity of a. 0 b. 1...Ch. 14 - The higher the temperature of a volume of air, the...Ch. 14 - When saturated air is cooled, a. it becomes able...Ch. 14 - Clouds consist of a. water droplets at all...
Ch. 14 - Prob. 11MCCh. 14 - (a) The three basic cloud types are cirrus,...Ch. 14 - Insolation is a. the insulating effect of the...Ch. 14 - The chief source of atmospheric heat is a....Ch. 14 - Prob. 15MCCh. 14 - The seasons occur as a result of a. variations in...Ch. 14 - Because of the coriolis effect, a wind in the...Ch. 14 - Prob. 18MCCh. 14 - Prob. 19MCCh. 14 - Prob. 20MCCh. 14 - The middle latitudes usually experience winds from...Ch. 14 - The generally easterly winds that blow on both...Ch. 14 - Prob. 23MCCh. 14 - The trade-wind belts are regions of generally a....Ch. 14 - A cyclone is a weather system centered about a a....Ch. 14 - Prob. 26MCCh. 14 - Unstable weather is associated with a. cyclones b....Ch. 14 - Tornados a. are narrow cyclonic storms b. are...Ch. 14 - The chief reason the equatorial regions are warmer...Ch. 14 - The greatest seasonal variations in temperature...Ch. 14 - Prob. 31MCCh. 14 - Ice ages a. cover the entire earth with a sheet of...Ch. 14 - The approximate percentage of the earths surface...Ch. 14 - Compared with the average height of the continents...Ch. 14 - The deepest known point of the oceans is found in...Ch. 14 - The Hawaiian Islands are a. part of a sunken...Ch. 14 - Tsunamis are caused by a. monsoons b. typhoons c....Ch. 14 - Prob. 38MCCh. 14 - Prob. 39MCCh. 14 - Prob. 40MCCh. 14 - What causes ionization to occur in the upper...Ch. 14 - Suppose you are climbing in an airplane that has...Ch. 14 - The tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause are...Ch. 14 - What would happen if ozone were to disappear from...Ch. 14 - Why are chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases, which are...Ch. 14 - What does it mean to say that a certain volume of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 7ECh. 14 - Why does the air in a heated room tend to be dry?Ch. 14 - The air in a closed container is saturated with...Ch. 14 - (a) Why does dew form on the ground during clear,...Ch. 14 - What does Fig. 14-6 tell us about the relative...Ch. 14 - What do high-altitude clouds consist of?...Ch. 14 - What initiates the fall of rain from a cloud? The...Ch. 14 - (a) The three basic cloud types are cirrus,...Ch. 14 - What is insolation? How does it affect the...Ch. 14 - (a) On a clear day, solar radiation is most...Ch. 14 - What is the greenhouse effect and how is it...Ch. 14 - Compare the ways in which the troposphere and the...Ch. 14 - If the earths atmosphere were to disappear, what...Ch. 14 - Why does the average air temperature decrease...Ch. 14 - What are the two mechanisms by which energy of...Ch. 14 - Account for the abrupt changes in temperature...Ch. 14 - In the northern hemisphere, the longest day is in...Ch. 14 - If the earths axis were tilted more than its...Ch. 14 - The Tropic of Cancer is the most northerly...Ch. 14 - (a) At what times of year are the periods of...Ch. 14 - What is a solstice?Ch. 14 - Prob. 28ECh. 14 - Distinguish between an isobar and a millibar.Ch. 14 - A wind in the northern hemisphere starts to blow...Ch. 14 - Prob. 31ECh. 14 - Where in the atmosphere do the jet streams occur?...Ch. 14 - Prob. 33ECh. 14 - Prob. 34ECh. 14 - Prob. 35ECh. 14 - Prob. 36ECh. 14 - How does the weather associated with a cyclone...Ch. 14 - Prob. 38ECh. 14 - Prob. 39ECh. 14 - Prob. 40ECh. 14 - Prob. 41ECh. 14 - Prob. 42ECh. 14 - Prob. 43ECh. 14 - Prob. 44ECh. 14 - Prob. 45ECh. 14 - Prob. 46ECh. 14 - Prob. 47ECh. 14 - Prob. 48ECh. 14 - Prob. 49ECh. 14 - Prob. 50ECh. 14 - Prob. 51ECh. 14 - Prob. 52ECh. 14 - Prob. 53ECh. 14 - Prob. 54ECh. 14 - Prob. 55ECh. 14 - Prob. 56ECh. 14 - In what two ways do the oceans influence climates...Ch. 14 - England and Labrador are at about the same...Ch. 14 - The California Current along the California coast...Ch. 14 - Prob. 60ECh. 14 - Prob. 61E
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