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(a)
Interpretation:
Whether the given forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
ΔH° is calculated using formula:
ΔrH° = ΔH°(product) - ΔH°(reactant)
The positive sign of ΔH° means that reaction is endothermic whereas the negative sign signifies that reaction is exothermic in nature.
(b)
Interpretation:
The value of ΔrG° for the given reaction at 298 K should be determined.
Concept introduction:
The Gibb’s equation of
ΔrG° = ΔrH° - TΔrS°
The value of ΔrH° and ΔrS° for a chemical reaction can be calculated with the help of standard ΔH° and ΔS° values of reactant and product molecules.
ΔrH° = ΔH°(product) - ΔH°(reactant) ΔrS° = ΔS°(product) - ΔS°(reactant)
(c)
Interpretation:
The value of K for the given reaction should be determined.
Concept introduction:
The mathematical expression relating ΔrG°, R, T and log K is:
ΔrG° = -2.303 × RT log K
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether the reaction occurs spontaneously below or above 298 K should be determined.
Concept introduction:
The Gibb’s equation of thermodynamic purposed a relation between ΔS, ΔH and ΔG with Temperature. The mathematical expression of Gibb’s equation can be written as:
ΔrG° = ΔrH° - TΔrS°
The value of ΔrH° and ΔrS° for a chemical reaction can be calculated with the help of standard ΔH° and ΔS° values of reactant and product molecules.
ΔrH° = ΔH°(product) - ΔH°(reactant) ΔrS° = ΔS°(product) - ΔS°(reactant)
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Chapter 13 Solutions
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (11th Edition)
- There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…arrow_forwardA mixture of 0.568 M H₂O, 0.438 M Cl₂O, and 0.710 M HClO are enclosed in a vessel at 25 °C. H₂O(g) + C₁₂O(g) = 2 HOCl(g) K = 0.0900 at 25°C с Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each gas at 25 °C. [H₂O]= [C₁₂O]= [HOCI]= M Σ Marrow_forwardWhat units (if any) does the response factor (K) have? Does the response factor (K) depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)?arrow_forward
- Provide the structure, circle or draw, of the monomeric unit found in the biological polymeric materials given below. HO OH amylose OH OH 행 3 HO cellulose OH OH OH Ho HOarrow_forwardWhat units (if any) does K have? Does K depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)? in calculating the response factorarrow_forwardDon't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forward
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