General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134042428
Author: Laura D. Frost, S. Todd Deal
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 2IA.3Q
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The total number of ATP produced by one glucose (two Acetyl CoA) going through the citric acid cycle.
Introduction:
The series of
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Trypanosomes living in the bloodstream obtain all their free energy from glycolysis. They take up glucose from the host’s blood and excrete pyruvate as a waste product. In this part of their life cycle, trypanosomes do not carry out any oxidative phosphorylation, but they do use another oxygen-dependent pathway, which is absent in mammals, to oxidize NADH. Would this pathway be necessary if the trypanosome excreted lactate rather than pyruvate? Explain.
Estimate the number of ATP molecules produced from a 15-gram glucose. (Molar mass glucose = 180.16 g/mol).
Consider these three reactions and fill in the blanks below:
Malate + NAD+
→ Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+
AGO. =
= +29.8 kJ/mol
Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA –→ citrate + COASH
AGO = -32.2 kJ/mol
Citrate → isocitrate
AGO.
= +8.4 kJ/mol
Under standard conditions the net formation of isocitrate from malate is thermodynamically
with a standard free energy change (AGU) of
kJ/mol.
Chapter 12 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (3rd Edition)
Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.1PPCh. 12 - How can you identify an anabolic reaction?Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.3PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.4PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.5PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.6PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.7PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.8PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.9PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.10PP
Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.11PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.12PPCh. 12 - Name a carbohydrate (if any) that undergoes...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.14PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.15PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.16PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.17PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.18PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.19PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.20PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.21PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.22PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.23PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.24PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.25PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.26PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.27PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.28PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.29PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.30PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.31PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.32PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.33PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.34PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.35PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.36PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.37PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.38PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.39PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.40PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.41PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.42PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.43PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.44PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.45PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.46PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.47PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.48PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.49PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.50PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.51PPCh. 12 - Arachidic acid is a saturated C20 fatty acid. a....Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.53PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.54PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.55PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.56PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.57PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.58PPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.59APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.60APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.61APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.62APCh. 12 - Identify the type of foodcarbohydrate, fat, or...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.64APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.65APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.66APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.67APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.68APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.69APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.70APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.71APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.72APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.73APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.74APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.75APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.76APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.77APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.78APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.79APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.80APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.81APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.82APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.83APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.84APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.85APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.86APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.87APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.88APCh. 12 - Prob. 12.89CPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.90CPCh. 12 - Laurie acid, a saturated Cl2 fatty acid, is found...Ch. 12 - A person is brought to the emergency room in what...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.93CPCh. 12 - Prob. 12.94CPCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.1QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.2QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.3QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.4QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.5QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.6QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.7QCh. 12 - Prob. 1IA.8QCh. 12 - Prob. 2IA.1QCh. 12 - Prob. 2IA.2QCh. 12 - Prob. 2IA.3QCh. 12 - Prob. 2IA.4QCh. 12 - Prob. 3IA.1QCh. 12 - Prob. 3IA.2QCh. 12 - Prob. 3IA.3QCh. 12 - Prob. 3IA.4QCh. 12 - Prob. 3IA.5QCh. 12 - Prob. 1ICCh. 12 - Prob. 2ICCh. 12 - Prob. 3IC
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- The first step of the metabolic process known as glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate. This process has a positive value for rG' Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O rG' = +13.8 kJ/mol-rxn This reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O ADP + Pi rG' = -30.5 kJ/mol-rxn What is the sum of these two equations and the value of rG' for the coupled reaction? Is the coupled reaction product-favored at equilibrium?arrow_forwardATP Synthase in plants has the same basic structure and function as the ATP Synthase in humans. O True O Falsearrow_forwardConsider this chemical reaction. What chemical is the oxidizing agent? COO™ HIC-H HIC-H FAD FADH₂ COO™ succinate FADH2 succinate FAD fumarate succinate dehydrogenase COO™ H-C -H COO fumaratearrow_forward
- A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron-transport chain is A. tRNA. B. mRNA. C. ADP. D. NADH. E. pyruvic acid.arrow_forwardTo learn more about the role of the electron transport chain in generating energy during respiration in this organism, you use two drugs. These drugs can each pick up electrons from specific intermediates in the pathway as shown above. You treat cells carrying out respiration with either a saturating dose of drug A or B, so that all the electrons which would normally continue along the pathway are captured by the drug in question. Complete the following table. In the presence of drug A, will the rate of ATP synthesis increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain your reasoning. In the presence of drug B, will the rate of ATP synthesis increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardDetermine the number of ATP molecules that can be formed from the complete oxidation of 10 molecules of acetyl CoA. The overall net equation for the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA is provided below. Acetyl CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H₂O → 2CO2 + HS-CoA + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + GTP (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and one GDP yields 1 ATP.) O 10 ATP O 7,5 ATP O 100 ATP O 75 ATParrow_forward
- 1. The phosphorylation of glucose with HPO42- forms glucose 1-phosphate and water and requires 5.0kcal/mol of energy. a. Write the equation for this reaction. b. This unfavorable reaction can be driven by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. Write the equation for the coupled reaction. c. Calculate the energy change for coupled reactionarrow_forwardGLYCOLYSIS: 1A) Starting with glucose (in the open-chain Fisher projection), draw out the molecular structures for each step of glycolysis. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 1B) What is the net reaction of glycolysis? CITRIC ACID CYCLE: 2A) Starting with acetyl-coenzymeA and oxaloacetate, draw out the molecular structures for each step of the citric acid cycle. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 2B) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product? OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION: 3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH2 and their roles in oxidative phosphorylation. 3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH₂ to O₂ during the electron transport chain. 3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis? 3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is…arrow_forwardIn one of the reactions in the citric acid cycle, which provides energy for ATP synthesis, succinic acid is converted to fumaric acid: C4H6 O4 + C4H4O4 + 2H succinic acid fumaric acid The reaction is accompanied by a coenzyme, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD): FAD + 2H → FADH2 ▼ Part A Indicate whether succinic acid and FAD are oxidized or reduced. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Reset Help oxidized The reaction of FAD involves the of hydrogen; therefore FAD is loss The reaction of succinic acid involves the of hydrogen; therefore succinic acid is addition reducedarrow_forward
- The image below shows the reactions of the citric acid cycle. Label the reaction types on the diagram. COO CH-OH CH₂ COO 8-5-9-8 HC H₂O NADH +H+ NAD+- FADH2 "7 FAD COO C=O CH₂ COO™ COO CH3-C-COA + H₂O acetyl-CoA COA COO™ Ī CH₂ HỌ—C—COO CH₂ COO™ COO HO-C-H COO™ COO™ CH₂ CH-COO NAD+ NAD+ + COA Attempt 2 NADH + H+ + CO2 NADH + H+ + CO2 COO™ CH₂ CH₂ C=O COO™arrow_forward3. An element found in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams. a. anabolism O b. catabolism C. complete protein Od. complex carbohydrate e. macronutrient f. major mineral g. metabolism h. micronutrient Oi. mineral Oj. mitochondria Ok. nutrition O1. trace mineralarrow_forward6. An element used in the body in the form of ions or compounds. a. anabolism b. catabolism Oc. complete protein Od. complex carbohydrate e. macronutrient f. major mineral g. metabolism h. micronutrient Di. mineral Oj. mitochondria k. nutrition I. trace mineralarrow_forward
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