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All Textbook Solutions for Biology 2e
Which of these is a facial bone? frontal occipital lacrimal temporalWhich of the following is not a true statement comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons? Endoskeletons can support larger organisms Only endoskeletons can grow as an organism grows Exoskeletons provide greater protection of the internal organs Exoskeletons provide less mechanical leverage.The Haversian canal: is arranged as rods or plates contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones synthesizes and secretes matrixThe epiphyseal plate: is arranged as rods or plates contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones synthesizes and secretes bone matrixThe cells responsible for bone resorption are ___________ . osteoclasts osteoblasts fibroblasts osteocytesCompact bone is composed of trabeculae compacted collagen osteons calcium phosphate onlyOsteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle. It is caused by an imbalance in the activity of which cells? osteoclasts and osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes osteoblasts and chondrocytes osteocytes and chondrocytesWhile assembling a skeleton of a new species, a scientist points to one of the bones and observes that it looks like the most likely site of leg muscle attachment. What kind of bone did she indicate? sesamoid bone long bone trabecular bone flat boneSynchondroses and symphyses are synovial joints cartilaginous joints fibrous joints condyloid jointsThe movement of bone away from the midline of the body is called _____________. circumduction extension adduction abductionWhich of the following is not a characteristic of the synovial fluid? lubrication shock absorption regulation of water balance in the joint protection of articular cartilageThe elbow is an example of which type of joint? hinge pivot saddle glidingA high ankle sprain iis an injury caused by over stretching the ligaments connecting the tibia and fibula. What type of joint iis involved in this sprain? ball and socket gomphosis syndesmosis symphysisIn relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by. titin troponin myoglobin tropomyosinThe cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a ___________ . myofibril sarcolemma sarcoplasm myofilamentThe muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives. However the neurotransmitter from the previous stimulation is still present in the synapse The activity of helps to remove this neurotransmitter. myosin action potential tropomyosin acetylcholinesteraseThe ability of a muscle to generate tension immediately after stimulation is dependent on: myosin interaction with the M line overlap of myosin and actin actin attachments to the Z line none of the aboveBotulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles, and is used for cosmetic purposes under the name Botox. Which of the following iis the most likely mechanism of action of Botox? Botox decreases the production of acetylcholinesterase Botox increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Botox blocks the ATP binding site in actin Botox decreases the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons.What are the major differences between the male pelvis and female pelvis that permit childbirth in females?What are the major differences between the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle that allow the pelvic girdle to bear the weight of the body?Both hydrostatic and exoskeletons can protect internal organs from harm. Contrast the ways the skeletons perform these functions.Scoliosis is a medical condition where the spine develops a sideways curvature. How would this change interfere with the normal function of the spine?What are the major differences between spongy bone and compact bone?What are the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?Thalidomide was a morning sickness drug given to women that caused babies to be bom without arm bones. If recent studies have shown that thalidomide prevents the formation of new blood vessels, describe the type of bone development inhibited by the drug and what stage of ossification was affected.What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as you bend down to touch your toes?What movements) occur(s) at the scapulae when you shrug your shoulders?Describe the joints and motions involved in taking a step forward if a person is initially standing still. Assume the person holds his foot at the same angle throughout the motion.How would muscle contractions be affected if ATP was completely depleted in a muscle fiber?What factors contribute to the amount of tension produced in an individual muscle fiber?What effect will low blood calcium have on neurons? What effect will low blood calcium have on skeletal muscles?Skeletal muscles can only produce a mechanical force as they are contracted, but a leg flexes and extends while walking. How can muscles perform this task?Figure 39.7 Which of the following statements about the mammalian respiratory system is false? When we breathe in, air travels from the pharynx to the trachea. The bronchioles branch into bronchi. Alveolar ducts connect to alveolar sacs. Gas exchange between the lung and blood takes place in the alveolus.Figure 39.13 Which of the following statements is false? In the tissues, PO2 drops as blood passes from the arteries to the veins, while PCO2 increases. Blood travels from the lungs to the heart to body tissues, then back to the heart, then the lungs. Blood travels from the lungs to the heart to body tissues, then back to the lungs, then the heart. PO2 is higher in air than in the lungs.Figure 39.20 The kidneys are responsible for removing excess H+ ions from the blood. If the kidneys fail, what would happen to blood pH and to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?The respiratory system. provides body tissues with oxygen provides body tissues with oxygen and carbon dioxide establishes how many breaths are taken per minute provides the body with carbon dioxideAir is warmed and humidified in the nasal passages. This helps to. ward off infection decrease sensitivity during breathing prevent damage to the lungs all of the aboveWhich is the order of airflow during inhalation? nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoliThe inspiratory reserve volume measures the ___________ . amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal exhalation amount of air that the lung holds amount of air that can be further exhaled after a normal breath amount of air that can be further inhaled after a normal breathOf the following, which does not explain why the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the lung than in the external air? Air in the lung is humidified; therefore, water vapor pressure alters the pressure Carbon dioxide mixes with oxygen Oxygen is moved into the blood and is headed to the tissues Lungs exert a pressure on the air to reduce the oxygen pressure.The total lung capacity is calculated using which of the following formulas? residual volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume residual volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volumeHow would paralysis of the diaphragm alter inspiration? It would prevent contraction of the intercostal muscles It would prevent inhalation because the intrapleural pressure would not change It would decrease the intrapleural pressure and allow more air to enter the lungs It would slow expiration because the lung would not relax.Restrictive airway diseases. increase the compliance of the lung decrease the compliance of the lung increase the lung volume decrease the work of breathingAlveolar ventilation remains constant when ___________ . the respiratory rate is increased while the volume of air per breath is decreased the respiratory rate and the volume of air per breath are increased the respiratory rate is decreased while increasing the volume per breath both a and cWhich of the following will NOT facilitate the transfer of oxygen to tissues? decreased body temperature decreased pH of the blood increased carbon dioxide increased exerciseThe majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported by. binding to hemoglobin dissolution in the blood conversion to bicarbonate binding to plasma proteinsThe majority of oxygen in the blood is transported by. dissolution in the blood being carried as bicarbonate ions binding to blood plasma binding to hemoglobinDescribe the function of these terms and describe where they are located: main bronchus, trachea, alveoli, and acinus.How does the structure of alveoli maximize gas exchange?What does FEV1/FVC measure? What factors may affect FEV1/FVC?What is the reason for having residual volume in the lung?How can a decrease in the percent of oxygen in the air affect the movement of oxygen in the body?If a patient has increased resistance in his or her lungs, how can this be detected by a doctor? What does this mean?How would increased airway resistance affect intrapleural pressure during inhalation?Explain how a puncture to the thoracic cavity (from a knife wound, for instance) could alter the ability to inhale.When someone is standing, gravity stretches the bottom of the lung down toward the floor to a greater extent than the top of the lung. What implication could this have on the flow of air in the lungs? Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?What would happen if no carbonic anhydrase were present in red blood cells?How does the administration of 100 percent oxygen save a patient from carbon monoxide poisoning? Why wouldn't giving carbon dioxide work?Figure 40.10 Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false? Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated.Figure 40.11 Which of the following statements about the heart is false? The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium. Both the aortic and the pulmonary valves are semilunar valves. The mitral valve is an atrioventricular valve.Figure 40.17 Varicose veins are veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer close properly, allowing blood to flow backward. Varicose veins are often most prominent on the legs. Why do you think this is the case?Why are open circulatory systems advantageous to some animals? They use less metabolic energy They help the animal move faster They do not need a heart They help large insects develop.Some animals use diffusion instead of a circulatory system. Examples include:: birds and jellyfish flatworms and arthropods mollusks and jellyfish none of the aboveBlood flow that is directed through the lungs and back to the heart is called _____________. unidirectional circulation gill circulation pulmonary circulation pulmocutaneous circulationWhite blood cells: can be classified as granulocytes or agran ulocytes defend the body against bacteria and viruses are also called leucocytes all of the abovePlatelet plug formation occurs at which point? when large megakaryocytes break up into thousands of smaller fragments when platelets are dispersed through the bloodstream when platelets are attracted to a site of blood vessel damage none of the aboveIn humans, the plasma comprises what percentage of the blood? 45 percent 55 percent 25 percent 90 percentThe red blood cells of birds differ from mammalian red blood cells because: they are white and have nuclei they do not have nuclei they have nuclei they fight diseaseThe heart's internal pacemaker beats by: an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the sinoatrial node followed by the atrioventricular node the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular node followed by the sinoatrial node the action of the sinusDuring the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is. contracting relaxing contracting and relaxing filling with bloodCard io myocytes are similar to skeletal muscle because: they beat involuntarily they are used for weight lifting they pulse rhythmically they are striatedHow do arteries differ from veins? Arteries have thicker smooth muscle layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart Arteries carry blood Arteries have thinner smooth muscle layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal muscle Arteries are thin walled and are used for gas exchange.High blood pressure would be a result of ___________ . a high cardiac output and high peripheral resistance a high cardiac output and low peripheral resistance a low cardiac output and high peripheral resistance a low cardiac output and low peripheral resistanceDescribe a closed circulatory systemDescribe systemic circulationIS. Describe the cause of different blood type groups.List some of the functions of blood in the body.How does the lymphatic system work with blood flow?Describe the cardiac cycleWhat happens in capillaries?How does blood pressure change during heavy exercise?Figure 41.5 Which of the following statements about the kidney is false? The renal pelvis drains into the ureter. The renal pyramids are in the medulla. The cortex covers the capsule. Nephrons are in the renal cortex.Figure 41.6 Which of the following statements about the nephron is false? The collecting duct empties into the distal convoluted tubule. The Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus. The loop of Henle is between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. The loop of Henle empties into the distal convoluted tubule.Figure 41.8 Loop diuretics are drugs sometimes used to treat hypertension. These drugs inhibit the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A side effect is that they increase urination. Why do you think this is the case?When a dehydrated human patient needs to be given fluids intravenously, he or she is given: water, which is hypotonic with respect to body fluids saline at a concentration that is isotonic with respect to body fluids glucose because it is a non-electrolyte bloodThe sodium ion is at the highest concentration in: intracellular fluid extracellular fluid blood plasma none of the aboveCells in a hypertonic solution tend to: shrink due to water loss swell due to water gain stay the same size due to water moving into and out of the cell at the same rate none of the aboveThe macula densa is/are: present in the renal medulla dense tissue present in the outer layer of the kidney cells present in the DCT and collecting tubules present in blood capillaries.The osmolarity of body fluids is maintained at ___________ . 100 mOsm 300 mOsm 1000 mOsm it is not constantly maintainedThe gland located at the top of the kidney is the gland. adrenal pituitary thyroid thymusActive transport of K+ in Malpighian tubules ensures that: water follows K+ to make urine osmotic balance is maintained between waste matter and bodily fluids both a and b neither a nor bContractile vacuoles in microorganisms: exclusively perform an excretory function can perform many functions, one of which is excretion of metabolic wastes originate from the cell membrane both b and cFlame cells are primitive excretory organs found in. arthropods annelids mammals flatwormsBUN is. blood urea nitrogen blood uric acid nitrogen an indicator of blood volume an indicator of blood pressureHuman beings accumulate ____before____ excreting nitrogenous waste. nitrogen ammonia urea uric acidRenin is made by. granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus the kidneys the nephrons all of the abovePatients with Addison's disease retain water retain salts lose salts and water have too much aldosteroneWhich hormone elicits the 'fight or flight” response? epinephrine mineralcorticoids anti-diuretic hormone thyroxineWhy is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?Why do electrolyte ions move across membranes by active transport?Why are the loop of Henle and vasa recta important for the formation of concentrated urine?Describe the structure of the kidney.Why might specialized organs have evolved for excretion of wastes?Explain two different excretory systems other than the kidneys.In terms of evolution, why might the urea cycle have evolved in organisms?Compare and contrast the formation of urea and uric acid.Describe how hormones regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and kidney function.How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism function? Why is it controlled by the kidneys?Figure 42.11 Which of the following statements about T cells is false? Helper T cells release cytokines while cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell. Helper T cells are CD4+, while cytotoxic T cells are CD8+. MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found on immune cells only. The T cell receptor is found on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.Figure 42.14 Based on what you know about MHC receptors, why do you think an organ transplanted from an incompatible donor to a recipient will be rejected?Figure 42.16 The Rh antigen is found on Rh positive red blood cells. An Rh-negative female can usually carry an Rh-positive fetus to term without difficulty. However, if she has a second Rh-positive fetus, her body may launch an immune attack that causes hemolytic disease of the newborn. Why do you think hemolytic disease is only a problem during the second or subsequent pregnancies?Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the skin? high pH mucus tears desiccationAlthough interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen? bacteria viruses fungi helminthsWhich organelle do phagocytes use to digest engulfed particles? lysosome nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondriaWhich innate immune system component uses MHC I molecules directly in its defense strategy? macrophages neutrophils NK cells interferonWhich of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting cell? NK cell eosinophil neutrophil macrophageWhich immune cells bind MHC molecules on APCs via CD8 coreceptors on their cell surfaces? Th cells CTLs mast cells basophilsWhat “self” pattern is identified by NK cells? altered self missing self normal self non-selfThe acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or destructive immune reaction to a harmless foreign particle, such as a food protein, is called _____________. the Th2 response allergy immune tolerance autoimmunityA memory B cell can differentiate upon reexposure to a pathogen of which cell type? CTL naïve B cell memory T cell plasma cellForeign particles circulating in the blood are filtered by the. spleen lymph nodes MALT lymphThe structure of an antibody is similar to the extracellular component of which receptor? MHC I MHC II BCR none of the aboveThe first antibody class to appear in the serum in response to a newly encountered pathogen is ___________ . IgM IgA IgG IgEWhat is the most abundant antibody class detected in the serum upon reexposure to a pathogen or in reaction to a vaccine? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgG d. IgEBreastfed infants typically are resistant to disease because of. active immunity passive immunity immune tolerance immune memoryAllergy to pollen is classified as: an autoimmune reaction immunodeficiency delayed hypersensitivity immediate hypersensitivityA potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ___________ . tissue hypersensitivity molecular mimicry histamine release radiation exposureAutoantibodies are probably involved in: reactions to poison ivy pollen allergies systemic lupus erythematosus HIV/AIDSWhich of the following diseases is not due to autoimmunity? rheumatic fever systemic lupus erythematosus diabetes mellitus HIV/AIDSDifferent MHC I molecules between donor and recipient cells can lead to rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue. Suggest a reason for this.If a series of genetic mutations prevented some, blit not all, of the complement proteins from binding antibodies or pathogens, would the entire complement system be compromised?Explain the difference between an epitope and an antigen.What is a naïve B or T cell?How does the Th1 response differ from the Th2 response?In mammalian adaptive immune systems, T cell receptors are extraordinarily diverse. What function of the immune system results from this diversity and how is this diversity achieved?How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?Why is the immune response after reinfection much faster than the adaptive immune response after the initial infection?What are the benefits and costs of antibody cross reactivity?Figure 43.8 Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false? The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the penis. Sperm mature in seminiferous tubules in the testes. Both the prostate and the bulbourethral glands produce components of the semen. The prostate gland is located in the testes.Figure 43.15 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol.Figure 43.17 Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false? Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak. Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop. Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.Which form of reproduction is thought to be best in a stable environment? asexual sexual budding parthenogenesisWhich form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal? asexual fragmentation budding parthenogenesisWhich form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually? fission budding parthenogenesis hermaphroditismGenetically unique individuals are produced through._________ sexual reproduction parthenogenesis budding fragmentationExternal fertilization occurs in which type of environment? aquatic forested savanna steppeWhich term applies to egg development within the female with nourishment derived from a yolk? oviparity viviparity ovovi parity ovovo parityWhich term applies to egg development outside the female with nourishment derived from a yolk? oviparity viviparity ovovi parity ovovo paritySperm are produced in the______ scrotum seminal vesicles seminiferous tubules d. prostate glandMost of the bulk of semen is made by the ___________ . scrotum seminal vesicles seminiferous tubules prostate glandWhich of the following cells in spermatogenesis is diploid? primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid spermWhich female organ has the same embryonic origin as the penis? clitoris labia majora greater vestibular glands vaginaWhich female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby? labia minora breast ovaries uterusHow many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions? one two three fourWhich hormone causes Leydig cells to make testosterone? FSH LH inhibin estrogenWhich hormone causes FSH and LH to be released? testosterone estrogen GnRH progesteroneWhich hormone signals ovulation? FSH LH inhibin estrogenWhich hormone causes the regrowth of the endometrial lining of the uterus? testosterone estrogen GnRH progesteroneNutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by: the placenta diffusion through the endometrium the chorion the blastocystProgesterone is made during the third trimester by the: placenta endometrial lining chorion corpus luteumWhich contraceptive method is 100 percent effective at preventing pregnancy? condom oral hormonal methods sterilization abstinenceWhich type of short term contraceptive method is generally more effective than others? barrier hormonal natural family planning withdrawalWhich hormone is primarily responsible for The contractions during labor? oxytocin estrogen HCG progesteroneMajor organs begin to develop during which part of human gestation? fertilization first trimester second trimester third trimesterWhich of the following is false? The endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm are germ layers The trophoblast is a germ layer The inner cell mass is a source of embryonic stem cells The blastula is often a hollow ball of cells.During cleavage, the mass of cells: increases decreases doubles with every cell division does not change significantlyWhich of the following gives rise to the skin cells? ectoderm endoderm mesoderm none of the aboveThe ribs form from the ___________ . notochord neural plate neural tube somitesWhy is sexual reproduction useful if only half the animals can produce offspring and two separate cells must be combined to form a third?What determines which sex will result in offspring of birds and mammals?What are the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal forms of fertilization?Why would paired external fertilization be preferable to group spawning?Describe the phases of the human sexual response.Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis as to timing of the processes and the number and type of cells finally produced.If male reproductive pathways are not cyclical, how are they controlled?Describe the events in the ovarian cycle leading up to ovulation.Describe the major developments during each trimester of human gestation.Describe the stages of labor.What do you think would happen if multiple sperm fused with one egg?Why do mammalian eggs have a small concentration of yolk, while bird and reptile eggs have a large concentration of yolk?Explain how the different germ layers give rise to different tissue types.Explain the role of axis formation in development.Figure 44.10 How might turnover in tropical lakes differ from turnover in lakes that exist in temperate regions?Figure 44.12 Which of the following statements about biomes is false? Chaparral is dominated by shrubs. Savannas and temperate grasslands are dominated by grasses. Boreal forests are dominated by deciduous trees. Lichens are common in the arctic tundra.Figure 44.21 In which of the following regions would you expect to find photosynthetic organisms? the aphotic zone, the meritic zone, the oceanic zone, and the benthic realm the photic zone, the intertidal zone, the meritic zone, and the oceanic zone the photic zone, the abyssal zone, the meritic zone, and the oceanic zone the pelagic realm. the aphotic zone, the meritic zone, and the oceanic zoneWhich of the following is a biotic factor? wind disease-causing microbe temperature soil particle sizeThe study of nutrient cycling though the environment is an example of which of the following? organismal ecology population ecology community ecology ecosystem ecologyUnderstory plants in a temperate forest have adaptations to capture limited._______ water nutrients heat sunlightAn ecologist hiking up a mountain may notice different biomes along the way due to changes in all of the following except: elevation rainfall latitude temperatureWhich of the following biomes is characterized by abundant water resources? deserts boreal forests savannas tropical wet forestsWhich of the following biomes is characterized by short growing seasons? deserts tropical wet forests Arctic tundras savannasWhere would you expect to find the most photosynthesis in an ocean biome? aphotic zone abyssal zone benthic realm intertidal zoneA key feature of estuaries is: low light conditions and high productivity salt water and fresh water frequent algal blooms little or no vegetationWhich of the following is an example of a weather event? The hurricane season lasts from June 1 through November 30 The amount of atmospheric CO2 has steadily increased during the last century A windstorm blew down trees in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota on July 4, 1999 Deserts are generally dry ecosystems having very little rainfall.Which of the following natural forces is responsible for the release of carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases? the Milankovitch cycles volcanoes solar intensity burning of fossil fuelsEcologists often collaborate with other researchers interested in ecological questions. Describe the levels of ecology that would be easier for collaboration because of the similarities of questions asked. What levels of ecology might be more difficult for collaboration?The population is an important unit in ecology as well as other biological sciences. How is a population defined, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this definition? Are there some species that at certain times or places are not in populations?Compare and contrast ocean upwelling and spring and fall turnovers.Many endemic species are found in areas that are geographically isolated. Suggest a plausible scientific explanation for why this is so.The extremely low precipitation of subtropical desert biomes might lead one to expect fire to be a major disturbance factor; however, fire is more common in the temperate grassland biome than in the subtropical desert biome. Why is this?In what ways are the subtropical desert and the arctic tundra similar?Scientists have discovered the bodies of humans and other living things buried in bogs for hundreds of years, but not yet decomposed. Suggest a possible biological explanation for why such bodies are so well-preserved.Describe the conditions and challenges facing organisms living in the intertidal zone.Compare and contrast how natural- and human induced processes have influenced global climate change.Predict possible consequences if carbon emissions from fossil fuels continue to rise.Figure 45.2 As this graph shows, population density typically decreases with increasing body size. Why do you think this is the case?Figure 45.10b If the major food source of the seals declines due to pollution or overfishing, which of the following would likely occur? The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, as would the seal population. The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, but the seal population would remain the same. The number of seal deaths would increase but the number of births would also increase, so the population size would remain the same. The carrying capacity of seals would remain the same, but the population of seals would decrease.Figure 45.16 Age structure diagrams for rapidly growing, slow growing, and stable populations are shown in stages 1 through 3. What type of population change do you think stage 4 represents?Which of the following methods will tell an ecologist about both the size and density of a population? mark and recapture mark and release quadrat life tableWhich of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population? quadrat mark and recapture survivorship curve life tableHumans have which type of survivorship curve? Type I Type II Type III Type IVHow is a clumped population distribution beneficial for prey animals? Being a member of a larger group provides protection for each individual from predators Prey animals rely on each other to acquire food Prey animals live in small family groups to raise young Clumped population distributions ensure that at least one member of the population knows how to identify the seasonal migration route.Which of the following is associated with long-term parental care? few offspring many offspring semelparity fecundityWhich of the following is associated with multiple reproductive episodes during a species’ lifetime? semiparity iteroparity semelparity fecundityWhich of the following is associated with the reproductive potential of a species? few offspring many offspring semelparity fecunditySpecies with limited resources usually exhibit a(n)______ growth curve. logistic logical experimental exponentialThe maximum rate of increased characteristic of a species is called its. limit carrying capacity biotic potential exponential growth patternThe population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its. limit carrying capacity biotic potential logistic growth patternSpecies that have many offspring at one time are usually: r-selected K-selected both r- and K-selected not selectedA forest fire is an example of regulation. density-dependent density-independent r-selected K-selectedPrimates are examples of: density-dependent species density-independent species r-selected species K-selected speciesWhich of the following statements does not support the conclusion that giraffes are k-selected species? Giraffes are approximately 6' tall and weigh 150 Ibs at birth Wild giraffes begin mating at 6-7 years of age Newborn giraffes are capable of coordinated walking within an hour of birth, and running within 24 hours of birth Giraffes rarely give birth to twins.Which of the following events would not negatively impact Yellowstone’s grey wolf carrying capacity? snow in winter a beaver damming a river upstream a forest fire chronic wasting disease in the deer populationA country with zero population growth is likely to be._________ in Africa in Asia economically developed economically underdevelopedWhich type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals? economically developed economically underdeveloped countries with zero population growth countries in EuropeWhich of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment? agriculture using large amounts of natural resources domestication of animals use of languageThe first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called__________. climax community keystone species foundation species pioneer speciesWhich type of mimicry involves multiple species with similar warning coloration that are all toxic to predators? Batesian mimicry Müllerian mimicry Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry Mertensian mimicryA symbiotic relationship where both of the coexisting species benefit from the interaction is called.__________ commensalism parasitism mutualism communismWhich of the following is not a mutualistic relationship? a shark using an aquatic cleaning station a helminth feeding from its host a bumblebee collecting pollen from a flower bacteria living in the gut of humansThe ability of rats to learn how to run a maze is an example of._______ imprinting classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive learningThe training of animals usually involves ______________ ___________ . imprinting classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive learningThe sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called ____ ___________ . operant learning kin selection kinesis imprintingWhy are polyandrous mating systems more rare than polygynous matings? Only males are capable of multiple rounds of reproduction within a single breeding season Only females care for the young Females usually experience more intrasexual selection pressure than males Females usually devote more energy to offspring production and development.Describe how a researcher would determine the size of a penguin population in Antarctica using the mark and release method.The CDC released the following data in its 2013 Vital Statistics report. Age interval Number dying in age interval Number surviving at beginning of age interval 0-10 756 100,000 11-20 292 99,244 21-30 390 98,953 31-40 1,234 98,164 41-50 2,457 96,311 51-60 5,564 94,352 61-70 10,479 38,788 Table 45.3 Calculate the mortality rate for each age interval, and describe the trends in adult and childhood mortality per 100,000 births in the United States in 2013.Why is long-term parental care not associated with having many offspring during a reproductive episode?Describe the difference in evolutionary pressures experienced by an animal that begins reproducing early and an animal that reproduces late in its lifecycle.Describe the rate of population growth that would be expected at various parts of the S-shaped curve of logistic growth.Describe how the population of a species that survives a mass extinction event would change in size and growth pattern over time beginning immediately after the extinction event.Give an example of how density-dependent and density-independent factors might interact.Describe the age structures in rapidly growing countries, slowly growing countries, and countries with zero population growth.Since the introduction of the Endangered Species Act the number of species on the protected list has more than doubled. Describe how the human population’s growth pattern contributes to the rise in endangered species.Describe the competitive exclusion principle and its effects on competing species.Jaguars are a keystone species in the Amazon. Describe how they can be so essential to the ecosystem despite being significantly less abundant than many other species.Describe Pavlov’s dog experiments as an example of classical conditioning.Describe the advantage of using an aural or pheromone signal to attract a mate as opposed to a visual signal. How might the population density contribute to the evolution of aural or visual mating rituals?Figure 46.8 Why do you think the value for gross productivity of the primary producers is the same as the value for totall heat and respiration (20,810 kcal/ m2/yr)?Figure 46.10 Pyramids depicting the number of organisms or biomass may be inverted, upright, or even diamond-shaped. Energy pyramids, however, are always upright. Why?Figure 46.17 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4+). Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2). Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3 ) to nitrites (NO2-). Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) into organic compounds.The ability of an ecosystem to return to its equilibrium state after an environmental disturbance is called.__________ resistance restoration reformation resilienceA re-created ecosystem in a laboratory environment is known as a.__________ mesocosm simulation microcosm reproductionDecomposers are associated with which class of food web? grazing detrital inverted aquaticThe primary producers in an ocean grazing food web are usually._________ plants animals fungi phytoplanktonWhat term describes the use of mathematical equations in the modeling of linear aspects of ecosystems? analytical modeling simulation modeling conceptual modeling individual-based modelingThe position of an organism along a food chain is known as its.__________ locus location trophic level microcosmThe loss of an apex consumer would impact which trophic level of a food web? primary producers primary consumers secondary consumers all of the aboveA food chain would be a better resource than a food web to answer which question? How does energy move from an organism in one trophic level to an organism on the next trophic level? How does energy move within a trophic level? What preys on grasses? How is organic matter recycled in a forest?The weight of living organisms in an ecosystem at a particular point in time is called: energy production entropy biomassWhich term describes the process whereby toxic substances increase along trophic levels of an ecosystem? biomassification biomagnification bioentropy heterotrophyOrganisms that can make their own food using inorganic molecules are called: autotrophs heterotrophs photoautotrophs chemoautotrophsIn the English Channel ecosystem, the number of primary producers is smaller than the number of primary consumers because.___________ the apex consumers have a low turnover rate the primary producers have a low turnover rate the primary producers have a high turnover rate the primary consumers have a high turnover rateWhat law of chemistry determines how much energy can be transferred when it is converted from one form to another? the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics the conservation of matter the conservation of energyThe mussels that live at the NW Eifuku volcano are examples of.__________ chemoautotrophs photoautotrophs apex predators primary consumersThe movement of mineral nutrients through organisms and their environment is called a __________cycle. biological bioaccumulation biogeochemical biochemicalCarbon is present in the atmosphere as ________ ___________ . carbon dioxide carbonate ion carbon dust carbon monoxideThe majority of water found on Earth is: ice water vapor fresh water salt waterThe average time a molecule spends in its reservoir is known as.__________ residence time restriction time resilience time storage timeThe process whereby oxygen is depleted by the growth of microorganisms due to excess nutrients in aquatic systems is called._______ dead zoning eutrophication retrofication depletionThe process whereby nitrogen is brought into organic molecules is called.___________ nitrification denitrification nitrogen fixation nitrogen cyclingWhich of the following approaches would be the most effective way to reduce greenhouse carbon dioxide? Increase waste deposition into the deep ocean Plant more environmentally-suitable plants Increase use of fuel sources that do not produce carbon dioxide as a by-product Decrease livestock agriculture.How would loss of fungi in a forest effect biogeochemical cycles in the area? Nitrogen could no longer be fixed into organic molecules Phosphorus stores would be released for use by other organisms Sulfur release from eroding rocks would cease Carbon would accumulate in dead organic matter and waste.Compare and contrast food chains and food webs. What are the strengths of each concept in describing ecosystems?Describe freshwater, ocean, and terrestrial ecosystems.Compare grazing and detrital food webs. Why would they both be present in the same ecosystem?How does the microcosm modeling approach differ from utilizing a holistic model for ecological research?How do conceptual and analytical models of ecosystems compliment each other?Compare the three types of ecological pyramids and how well they describe ecosystem structure. Identify which ones can be inverted and give an example of an inverted pyramid for each.How does the amount of food a warm-blooded animal (endotherm) eats relate to its net production efficiency (NPE)?A study uses an inverted pyramid to demonstrate the relationship between sharks, their aquatic prey, and phytoplankton in an ocean region. What type of pyramid must be used? What does this convey to readers about predation in the area?Describe what a pyramid of numbers would like if an ecologist models the relationship between bird parasites, blue jays, and oak trees in a hectare. Does this match the energy flow pyramid?Describe nitrogen fixation and why it is important to agriculture.What are the factors that cause dead zones? Describe eutrophication, in particular, as a cause.Why are drinking water supplies still a major concern for many countries?Discuss how the human disruption of the carbon cycle has caused ocean acidification.Figure 47.6 Scientists measured the relative abundance ot fern spores above and below the K-Pg boundary in this reck sample. Which of the following statements most likely represents their findings? An abundance of fern spores from several species was found below the K-Pg boundary, but none was found above. An abundance of fern spores from several species was found above the K-Pg boundary, but none was found below. An abundance of fern spores was found both above and below the K-Pg boundary, but only one species was found below the boundary , and many species were found above the boundary. Many species of fern spores were found both above and below the boundary, but the total number of spores was greater below the boundary.Figure 47.9 The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is located on Spitsbergen island in Norway, which has an arctic climate. Why might an arctic climate be good for seed storage?Converting a prairie to a farm field is an example of.__________ overharvesting habitat loss exotic species climate changeFigure 47.16 Which of the following statements is not supported by this graph? There are more vulnerable fishes than critically endangered and endangered fishes combined. There are more critically endangered amphibians than vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered reptiles combined. Within each group, there are more critically endangered species than vulnerable species. A greater percentage of bird species are critically endangered than mollusk species.With an extinction rate of 100 E/MSY and an estimated 10 million species, how many extinctions are expected to occur in a century? 100 10,000 100,000 1,000,000An adaptive radiation is.__________ a burst of speciation a healthy level of UV radiation a hypothesized cause of a mass extinction evidence of an asteroid impactThe number of currently described species on the planet is about.______________ 17,000 150,000 1.5 million 10 millionA mass extinction is defined as. a loss of 95 percent of species an asteroid impact a boundary between geological periods a loss of 50 percent of speciesA secondary plant compound might be used for which of the following? a new crop variety a new drug a soil nutrient a pest of a crop pestPollination is an example of_____________ a possible source of new drugs chemical diversity an ecosystem service crop pest controlWhat is an ecosystem service that performs the same function as a pesticide? pollination secondary plant compounds crop diversity predators of pestsWhich two extinction risks may be a direct result of the pet trade? climate change and exotic species introduction habitat loss and overharvesting overharvesting and exotic species introduction habitat loss and climate changeExotic species are especially threatening to what kind of ecosystem? deserts marine ecosystems islands tropical forestsCertain parrot species cannot be brought to the United States to be sold as pets. What is the name of the legislation that makes this illegal? Red List Migratory Bird Act CITES d. Endangered Species Act (ESA)What was the name of the first international agreement on climate change? Red List Montreal Protocol International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Kyoto Protocol