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All Textbook Solutions for Biology 2e

What can be inferred about the evolution of the cranium and vertebral column from examining hagfishes and lampreys?Why did gnathostomes replace most agnathans?Explain why frogs are restricted to a moist environment.Describe the differences between the larval and adult stages of frogs.Describe how metamorphosis changes the structures involved in gas exchange over the life cycle of animals in the clade Anura, and what evolutionary advantage this change provides.Describe the functions of the three extraembryonic membranes present in amniotic eggs What characteristics differentiate lizards and snakes?Based on how reptiles therm oregulate, which climates would you predict to have the highest reptile population density, and why?Explain why birds are thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs.Describe three skeletal adaptations that allow for flight in birds.How would the chest structure differ between ostriches, penguins, and terns?Describe three unique features of the mammalian skeletal system.Describe three characteristics of the mammalian brain that differ from other vertebrates.How did the evolution of jaw musculature allow mammals to spread?How did archaic Homo sapiens differ from anatomically modern humans?Why is it so difficult to determine the sequence of horn in in ancestors that have led to modern Homo sapiens?Figure 30.7 Which layers of the stem are made of parenchyma cells? cortex and pith epidermis sclerenchyma epidermis and cortex Figure 30.32 Positive water potential is placed on the left side of the tube by increasing ?p such that the water level rises on the right side. Could you equalize the water level on each side of the tube by adding solute, and if so, how?Figure 30.34 Which of the following statements is false? Negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the xylem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf. Negative water potential draws water into the root hairs. Cohesion and adhesion draw water up the phloem. Transpiration draws water from the leaf. Water potential decreases from the roots to the top of the plant. Water enters the plants through root hairs and exits through stoma.Plant regions of continuous growth are made up of dermal tissue vascular tissue meristematic tissue permanent tissue Which of the following is the major site of photosynthesis?______ apical meristem ground tissue xylem cells phloem cells Stem regions at which leaves are attached are called.______ trichomes lenticels nodes internodes Which of the following cell types forms most of the inside of a plant?______ meristem cells collenchyma cells sclerenchyma cells parenchyma cells Tracheids, vessel elements, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells are components of.______ vascular tissue meristematic tissue ground tissue dermal tissue The primary growth of a plant is due to the action of the.______ lateral meristem vascular cambium apical meristem cork cambium Which of the following is an example of secondary growth?______ increase in length increase in thickness or girth increase in root hairs increase in leaf number Secondary growth in stems is usually seen in .______ monocots dicots both monocots and dicots neither monocots nor dicots Roots that enable a plant to grow on another plant are called.______ epiphytic roots prop roots adventitious roots aerial roots The forces selective uptake of_____ minerals in the root. pericycle epidermis endodermis root cap Newly-formed root cells begin to form different cell types in the.______ zone of elongation zone of maturation root meristem zone of cell division The stalk of a leaf is known as the petiole lamina stipule rachis Leaflets are a characteristic of leaves ______ . alternate whorled compound opposite Cells of Thecontain chloroplasts epidermis vascular tissue stomata mesophyll Which of the following is most likely to be found in a desert environment?______ broad leaves to capture sunlight spines instead of leaves needle-like leaves wide, flat leaves that can float When stomata open, what occurs?______ Water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing the rate of transpiration Water vapor is lost to the external environment, decreasing the rate of transpiration Water vapor enters the spaces in the mesophyll increasing the rate of transpiration Water vapor enters the spaces in the mesophyll decreasing the rate of transpiration.Which cells are responsible for the movement of photosynthates through a plant?______ tracheids, vessel elements tracheids, companion cells vessel elements, companion cells sieve-tube elements, companion cells The main photoreceptor that triggers phototropism is a.______ phytochrome cryptochrome phototropin carotenoid Phytochrome is a plant pigment protein that mediates plant infection promotes plant growth mediates morphological changes in response to red and far-red light inhibits plant growth A mutant plant has roots that grow in all directions. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be missing in the cell?______ mitochondria amyloplast chloroplast nucleus After buying green bananas or unripe avocadoes, they can be kept in a brown bag to ripen. The hormone released by the fruit and trapped in the bag is probably: abscisic acid cytokinin ethylene gibberellic acid A decrease in the level of which hormone releases seeds from dormancy?______ abscisic acid cytokinin ethylene gibberellic acid A seedling germinating under a stone grows at an angle away from the stone and upward. This response to touch is called.______ gravitropism thigmonasty thigmotropism skototropism What type of meristem is found only in monocots, such as lawn grasses? Explain how this type of meristematic tissue is beneficial in lawn grasses that are mowed each week.Which plant part is responsible for transporting water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant? Name the two types of tissue that make up this overall tissue, and explain the role of each.Describe the roles played by stomata and guard cells. What would happen to a plant if these cells did not function correctly?Compare the structure and function of xylem to that of phloem.Explain the role of the cork cambium in woody plants.What is the function of lenticels?Besides the age of a tree, what additional information can annual rings reveal?Give two examples of modified stems and explain how each example benefits the plant.Compare a tap root system with a fibrous root system. For each type, name a plant that provides a food in the human diet. Which type of root system is found in monocots? Which type of root system is found in dicots?What might happen to a root if the pericycle disappeared?How do dicots differ from monocots in terms of leaf structure?Describe an example of a plant with leaves that are adapted to cold temperatures.The process of bulk flow transports fluids in a plant. Describe the two main bulk flow processes.Owners and managers of plant nurseries have to plan lighting schedules lor a long-day plant that will flower in February. What lighting periods will be most effective? What color of light should be chosen?What are the major benefits of gravitropism for a germinating seedling?Fruit and vegetable storage facilities are usually refrigerated and well ventilated. Why are these conditions advantageous?Stomata close in response to bacterial infection. Why is this response a mechanism of defense for the plant? Which hormone is most likely to mediate this response?Figure 31.6 Soil compaction can result when soil is compressed by heavy machinery or even foot traffic. How might this compaction change the soil composition?Figure 31.7 Which horizon is considered the topsoil, and which is considered the subsoil?Figure 31.10 Farmers often rotate corn (a cereal crop) and soy beans (a legume) planting a field with each crop in alternate seasons. What advantage might this crop rotation confer?For an element to be regarded as essential, all of the following criteria must be met, except: No other element can perform the function The element is directly involved in plant nutrition The element is inorganic The plant cannot complete its lifecycle without the element.The nutrient that is part of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, and that forms biomolecules, is ___________ . nitrogen carbon magnesium iron Most ____ are necessary for enzyme function. micronutrients macronutrients biomolecules essential nutrients What is the main water source for land plants? rain soil biomolecules essential nutrients Which factors affect soil quality? chemical composition history of the soil presence of living organisms and topography cl. all of the above Soil particles that are 0.1 to 2 mm in diameter are called _____________. sand silt clay loam A soil consists of layers called that taken together are called a ________. soil profiles : horizon horizons : soil profile horizons : humus humus : soil profile What is the term used to describe the solid rock that lies beneath the soil? sand bedrock clay loam Which process produces an inorganic compound that plants can easily use? photosynthesis nitrogen fixation mycorrhization Galvin cycle Through mycorrhization, a plant obtains important nutrients such as ___________. phosphorus,zinc,and copper phosphorus,zinc,and calcium nickel calcium, and zinc all of the above What term describes a plant that requires nutrition from a living host plant? parasite saprophyte epiphyte insectivorous What is the term for the symbiotic association between fungi and cyanobacteria? lichen mycorrhizae epiphyte nitrogen-fixing nodule What type of plant problems result from nitrogen and calcium deficiencies?Research the life of Jan Babtista van Helmont What did the van Helmont experiment show?List two essential macronutrients and two essential micro nutrients.Describe the main differences between a mineral soil and an organic soil.Name and briefly explain the factors that affect soil formation.Describe how topography influences the characteristics and fertility of a soil.Why is biological nitrogen fixation an environmentally friendly way of fertilizing plants?What is the main difference, from an energy point of view, between photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation?Why is a root nodule a nutritional adaptation of a plant?Figure 32.3 If the anther is missing, what type of reproductive structure will the flower be unable to produce? What term is used to describe a flower that is normally lacking the androecium? What term describes a flower lacking a gynoecium?Figure 32.8 An embryo sac is missing the synergids. What specific impact would you expect this to have on fertilization? The pollen tube will be unable to form. The pollen tube will form but will not be guided toward the egg. Fertilization will not occur because the synergid is the egg. Fertilization will occur but the embryo will not be able to grow.Figure 32.20 What is the function of the cotyledon? It develops into the root. It provides nutrition for the embryo. It forms the embryo. It protects the embryo.In a plant’s male reproductive organs, development of pollen takes place in a structure known as the. stamen microsporangium anther tapetum The stamen consists of a long stalk called the filament that supports the. stigma sepal style anther Theare collectively called the calyx sepals petals tepals stamens The pollen lands on which part of the flower? stigma style ovule integument After double fertilization: a zygote and ______ form. an ovule endosperm a cotyledon asuspensor The fertilized ovule gives rise to the fruit seed endosperm embryo What is the term for a fruit that develops from tissues other than the ovary? simple fruit aggregate fruit multiple fruit accessory fruit The is the outermost covering of a______ fruit. endocarp pericarp exocarp mesocarp _______ is a useful method of asexual reproduction for propagating hard-to-root plants grafting layering cuttings budding Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction? Cuttings taken from an adult plant show increased resistance to diseases Grafted plants can more successfully endure drought When cuttings or buds are taken from an adult plant or plant parts, the resulting plant will grow into an adult faster than a seedling Asexual reproduction takes advantage of a more diverse gene pool.Plants that flower once in their lifetime are known as. monoecious dioecious polycarpic monocarpic Plant species that complete their lifecycle in one season are known as. biennials perennials annuals polycarpic Describe the reproductive organs inside a flower Describe the two-stage lifecycle of plants: the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage.Describe the four main parts, or whorls, of a flower.Discuss the differences between a complete flower and an incomplete flower.Why do some seeds undergo a period of dormancy, and how do they break dormancy?Discuss some ways in which fruit seeds are dispersed.What are some advantages of asexual reproduction in plants?Describe natural and artificial methods of asexual reproduction in plants.Discuss the life cycles of various plants How are plants classified on the basis of flowering frequency?Figure 33.11 Which of the following statements about types of epithelial cells is false? Simple columnar epithelial cells line the tissue of the lung. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells are involved in the filtering of blood in the kidney. Pseudostratisfied columnar epithilia occur in a single layer, but the arrangement of nuclei makes it appear that more than one layer is present. Transitional epithelia change in thickness depending on how full the bladder is.Figure 33.21 State whether each of the following processes are regulated by a positive feedback loop or a negative feedback loop. A person feels satiated after eating a large meal. The blood has plenty of red blood cells. As a result, erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of new red blood cells, is no longer released from the kidney.Figure 33.23 When bacteria are destroyed by leuckocytes, pyrogens are released into the blood. Pyrogens reset the body’s thermostat to a higher temperature, resulting in fever. How might pyrogens cause the body temperature to rise?Which type of animal maintains a constant internal body temperature? endotherm ectotherm coelomate mesoderm The symmetry found in animals that move swiftly is ___________ . radial bilateral sequential interrupted What term describes the condition of a desert mouse that lowers its metabolic rate and “sleeps” during the hot day? turgid hibernation estivation normal sleep pattern A plane that divides an animal into equal right and left portions is. diagonal midsagittal coronal transverse A plane that divides an animal into dorsal and ventral portions is. sagittal midsagittal coronal transverse The pleural cavity is a part of which cavity? dorsal cavity thoracic cavity abdominal cavity pericardial cavity How could the increasing global temperature associated with climate change impact ectotherms? Ectotherm diversity will decrease in cool regions Ectotherms will be able to be active all day in the tropics Ectotherms will have to expend more energy to cool their body temperatures Ectotherms will be able to expand into new habitats.Although most animals are bilaterally symmetrical, a few exhibit radial symmetry. What is an advantage of radial symmetry? It confuses predators It allows the animal to gather food from all sides It allows the animal to undergo rapid, purposeful movement in any direction It lets an animal use its dorsal surface to sense its environment.Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted to aid diffusion? squamous cuboidal columnar transitional Which type of epithelial cell is found in glands? squamous cuboidal columnar transitional Which type of epithelial cell is found in the urinary bladder? squamous cuboidal columnar transitional Which type of connective tissue has the most fibers? loose connective tissue fibrous connective tissue cartilage bone Which type of connective tissue has a mineralized different matrix? loose connective tissue fibrous connective tissue cartilage bone The cell found in bone that breaks it down is called an. osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast osteon The cell found in bone that makes the bone is called an. osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast osteon Plasma is the. fibers in blood matrix of blood cell that phagocytizes bacteria cell fragment found in the tissue The type of muscle cell under voluntary control is the. smooth muscle skeletal muscle cardiac muscle visceral muscle The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus is the cell body dendrite axon glial Why are intercalated discs essential to the function of cardiac muscle? The discs maintain the barriers between the cells The discs pass nutrients between cells The discs ensure that all the cardiac muscle cells beat as a single unit The discs control the heart rate.When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will: experience a drop in its body temperature wait to see if it goes lower increase muscle activity to generate heat add fur or fat to increase insulation Which is an example of negative feedback? lowering of blood glucose after a meal blood clotting after an injury lactation during nursing uterine contractions during labor Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and animal? radiation evaporation convection conduction The body’s thermostat is located in the ___________ . homeostatic receptor hypothalamus medulla vasodilation center Which of the following is not true about acclimatization? Acclimatization allows animals to compensate for changes in their environment Acclimatization improves function in a new environment Acclimatization occurs when an animal tries to reestablish a homeostatic set point Acclimatization is passed on to offspring of acclimated individuals.Which of the following is not a way that ectotherms can change their body temperatures? Sweating for evaporative cooling Adjusting the timing of their daily activities Seek out or avoid direct sunlight Huddle in a group.How does diffusion limit the size of an organism? How is this counteracted?What is the relationship between BMR and body size? Why?Explain how using an open circulatory system constrains the size of animals.Describe one key environmental constraint for ectotherms and one for endotherms. Why are they limited by different factors?How can squamous epithelia both facilitate diffusion and prevent damage from abrasion?What are the similarities between cartilage and bone?Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating autoimmune disease that results in the loss of the insulation around neuron axons. What cell type is the immune system attacking, and how does this disrupt the transfer of messages by the nervous system?When a person leads a sedentary life his skeletal muscles atrophy, but his smooth muscles do not. Why?Why are negative feedback loops used to control body homeostasis?Why is a fever a “good thing” during a bacterial infection?How is a condition such as diabetes a good example of the failure of a set point in humans?On a molecular level, how can endotherms produce their own heat by adjusting processes associated with cellular respiration? If needed, review Ch. 7 for details on respiration.Figure 34.11 Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false? Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach. Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine. In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats. The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pylloric sphincter.Figure 34.12 Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen.Figure 34.19 Which of the following statements about digestive processes is true? Amylase, maltaseT and lactase in the mouth digest carbohydrates. Trypsin and lipase in the stomach digest protein. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine. No food is absorbed until the small intestine.Which of the following is a pseudo-ruminant? cow pig crow horse Which of the following statements is untrue? Roughage takes a long time to digest Birds eat large quantities at one time so that they can fly long distances Cows do not have upper teeth In pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum.The acidic nature of chyme is neutralized by ___________ . potassium hydroxide sodium hydroxide bicarbonates vinegar The digestive juices from the liver are delivered to the. stomach liver duodenum colon A scientist dissects a new species of animal. If the animal’s digestive system has a single stomach with an extended small intestine, to which animal could the dissected specimen be closely related? lion snowshoe hare earthworm eagle Which of the following statements is not true? Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet Vitamins come in two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? vitamin A vitamin E vitamin K vitamin C What is the primary fuel for the body? carbohydrates lipids protein glycogen Excess glucose is stored as fat glucagon glycogen it is not stored in the body Many distance runners “carb load” the day before a big race. How does this eating strategy provide an advantage to the runner? The carbohydrates cause the release of insulin. The excess carbohydrates are converted to fats, which have a higher calorie density. The glucose from the carbohydrates lets the muscles make excess ATP overnight The excess carbohydrates can be stored in the muscles as glycogen.Where does the majority of protein digestion take place? stomach duodenum mouth jejunum Lipases are enzymes that breakdown disaccharides lipids proteins cellulose Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause constipation? bacterial infection dehydration ulcer excessive cellulose consumption Which hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder pepsin amylase CCK gastrin Which hormone stops acid secretion in the stomach? gastrin somatostatin gastric inhibitory peptide CCK In the famous conditioning experiment, Pavlov demonstrated that his dogs started drooling in response to a bell sounding. What part of the digestive process did he stimulate? cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase elimination phase How does the polygastric digestive system aid in digesting roughage?How do birds digest their food in the absence of teeth?What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion?Explain how the villi and microvilli aid in absorption.Name two components of the digestive system that perform mechanical digestion. Describe how mechanical digestion contributes to acquiring nutrients from food.What are essential nutrients?What is the role of minerals in maintaining good health?Discuss why obesity is agrowing epidemic.There are several nations where mal nourishment is a common occurrence. What may be some of the health challenges posed by malnutrition?Generally describe bow a piece of bread can power your legs as you walk up a flight of stairs.In the 1990s fat-free foods became popular among people trying to lose weight. However, many dieticians now conclude that the fat-free trend made people less healthy and heavier. Describe how this could occur.Explain why some dietary lipid is a necessary part of a balanced diet.The gut microbiome (the bacterial colonies in the intestines) have become a popular area of study in biomedical research. How could varying gut microbiomes impact a person’s nutrition?Many mammals become ill if they drink milk as adults even though they could consume it as babies What causes this digestive issue?Describe how hormones regulate digestion Describe one or more scenarios where loss of hormonal regulation of digestion can lead to diseases.A scientist is studying a model that has a mutation in the receptor for somatostatin that prevents hormone binding. How would this mutation affect the structure and function of the digestive system?Figure 35.3 Which of the following statements is false? The soma is the cell body of a nerve cell. Myelin sheath provides an insulating layer to the dendrites. Axons carry the signal from the soma to the target. Dendrites carry the signal to the soma.Figure 35.11 Potassium channel blockers, such as amiodarone and procainamide, which are used to treat abnormal electrical activity in the heart, called cardiac dysrhythmia, impede the movement of K+ through voltage-gated K+ channels. Which part of the action potential would you expect potassium channels to affect?Figure 35.26 Which of the following statements is false? The parasympathetic pathway is responsible for relaxing the body, while the sympathetic pathway is responsible for preparing for an emergency. Most preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway originate in the spinal cord. Slowing of the heartbeat is a parasympathetic response. Parasympathetic neurons are responsible for releasing norepinephrine on the target organ, while sympathetic neurons are responsible for releasing acetylcholine.Neurons contain _____ which can receive_____ signals from other neurons. axons mitochondria dendrites Golgi bodies A(n)______neuron has one axon and one____ dendrite extending directly from the cell body. unipolar bipolar multipolar pseudounipolar Glia that provide myelin for neurons in the brain are called _____________. Schwann cells oligodendrocytes microglia astrocytes Meningitis is a viral or bacterial infection of the brain. Which cell type is the first to have its function disrupted during meningitis? astrocytes microglia neurons satellite glia For a neuron to fire an action potential, its membrane must reach. hyperpolarization the threshold of excitation the refractory period inhibitory postsynaptic potential After an action potential, the opening of additional____voltage-gated ____ channels and The inactivation of sodium channels, cause the membrane to return to its resting membrane potential. sodium potassium calcium chloride What is the term for protein channels that connect two neurons at an electrical synapse? synaptic vesicles voltage-gated ion channels gap junction protein sodium-potassium exchange pumps Which of the following molecules is not involved in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential? potassium cations ATP voltage-gated ion channels calcium cations Thelobe contains the visual cortex frontal parietal temporal occipital Theconnects the two cerebral hemispheres. limbic system corpus callosum cerebellum pituitary Neurons in Thecontrol motor reflexes. thalamus spinal cord parietal lobe hippocampus Phineas Gage was a 19th century railroad worker who survived an accident that drove a large iron rod through his head. If the injury resulted in him becoming temperamental and capricious what part of his brain was damaged? frontal lobe hippocampus parietal lobe temporal lobe Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes: increased blood flow into the skin a decreased heart rate an increased heart rate increased digestion Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located? cerebellum brainstem dorsal root ganglia skin ______ is released by motor nerve endings onto muscle. Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Parkinson’s disease is a caused by the degeneration of neurons that release serotonin dopamine glutamate norepinephrine __________ medications are often used to treat patients with ADHD. Tranquilizer Antibiotic Stimulant Anti-seizure Strokes are often caused by. neurodegeneration blood clots or burst blood vessels seizures viruses Why is it difficult to identify the cause of many nervous system disorders? The genes associated with the diseases are not known There are no obvious defects in brain structure The onset and display of symptoms varies between patients all of the above Why do many patients with neurodevelopmentaJ disorders develop secondary disorders? Their genes predispose them to schizophrenia Stimulant medications cause new behavioral disorders Behavioral therapies only improve neurodevelopmentaJ disorders Dysfunction in the brain can affect many aspects of the body.How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?Multiple sclerosis causes demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord. Why is this problematic?Many neurons have only a single axon, but many terminals at the end of the axon. How does this end structure of the axon support its function?How does myelin aid propagation of an action potential along an axon? How do the nodes of Ranvier help this process?What are the main steps in chemical neurotransmission?Describe how long-term potentiation can lead to a nicotine addiction.What methods can be used to determine the function of a particular brain region?What are the main functions of the spinal cord?Alzheimer’s disease involves three of the four lobes of the brain. Identify one of the involved lobes and describe the lobe’s symptoms associated with What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?What are the main functions of the sensory somatic nervous system?Describe how the sensory-somatic nervous system reacts by reflex to a person touching something hot. How does this allow for rapid responses in potentially dangerous situations?Scientists have suggested that the autonomic nervous system is not well-adapted to modern human life. How is the sympathetic nervous system an ineffective response to the everyday challenges faced by modern humans?What are the main symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?What are possible treatments for patients with major depression?Figure 36.5 Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? Pacini corpuscles are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Merkel’s disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. Ruffini endings are encapsulated mechanoreceptors. Meissner’s corpuscles extend into the lower dermis.Figure 36.14 Cochlear implants can restore hearing in people who have a nonfunctional cochlea The implant consists of a microphone that picks up sound. A speech processor selects sounds in the range of human speech, and a transmitter converts these sounds to electrical impulses, which are then sent to the auditory nerve. Which of the following types of hearing loss would not be restored by a cochlear implant? Hearing loss resulting from absence or loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hearing loss resulting from an abnormal auditory nerve. Hearing loss resulting from fracture of the cochlea. Hearing loss resulting from damage to bones of the middle ear.Figure 36.18 Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of gray. When light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming into the eye. The cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye.Where does perception occur? spinal cord cerebral cortex receptors thalamus If a person’s cold receptors no longer convert cold stimuli into sensory signals, that person has a problem with the process of. reception transmission perception transduction After somatosensory transduction, the sensory signal travels through the brain as a(n)_____signal electrical pressure optical thermal Many people experience motion sickness while traveling in a car. This sensation results from contradictory inputs arising from which senses? Proprioception and Kinesthesia Somatosensation and Equilibrium Gustation and Vibration Vision and Vestibular System ________ are found only in skin, and detect skin deflection. Meissner’s corpuscles; hairy Merkel’s disks; glabrous hair receptors; hairy Krause end bulbs; hairy If you were to burn your epidermis, what receptor type would you most likely burn? free nerve endings Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscle hair receptors Many diabetic patients are warned by their doctors to test their glucose levels by pricking the sides of their fingers rather than the pads. Pricking the sides avoids stimulating which receptor? Krause end bulbs Meissner’s corpuscles Ruffini ending Nociceptors Which of the following has the fewest taste receptors? fungiform papillae circumvallate papillae foliate papillae filiform papillae How many different taste molecules do taste cells each detect? one five ten It depends on the spot on the tongue.Salty foods activate the taste cells by. exciting the taste cell directly causing hydrogen ions to enter the cell causing sodium channels to close binding directly to the receptors All sensory signals except_____travel to The ______in the brain before the cerebral cortex. vision; thalamus olfaction; thalamus vision; cranial nerves olfaction; cranial nerves How is the ability to recognize the umami taste an evolutionary advantage? Umami identities healthy foods that are low in salt and sugar Umami enhances the flavor of bland foods Umami identifies foods that might contain essential amino acids Umami identifies foods that help maintain electrolyte balance.In sound, pitch is measured in____T and ____ volume is measured in. nanometers (nm); decibels (dB) decibels (dB); nanometers (nm) decibels (dB); hertz (Hz) hertz (Hz); decibels (dB)Auditory hair cells are indirectly anchored to the basilar membrane oval window tectorial membrane ossicles Which of the following are found both in the auditory system and the vestibular system? basilar membrane hair cells semicircular canals ossicles Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is a disorder where some of the calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle migrate into the semicircular canals. Why does this condition cause periods of dizziness? The hair cells in the semicircular canals will be constantly activated The hair cells in the semicircular canals will now be stimulated by gravity The utricle will no longer recognize acceleration There will be too much volume in the semicircular canals for them to detect motion.Why do people over 55 often need reading glasses? Their cornea no longer focuses correctly Their lens no longer focuses correctly Their eyeball has elongated with age, causing images to focus in front of their retina Their retina has thinned with age, making vision more difficult.Why is it easier to see images at night using peripheral, rather than the central, vision? Cones are denser in the periphery of the retina Bipolar cells are denser in the periphery of the retina Rods are denser in the periphery of the retina The optic nerve exits at the periphery of the retina.A person catching a ball must coordinate her head and eyes. What part of the brain is helping to do this? hypothalamus pineal gland thalamus superior colliculus A satellite is launched into space, but explodes after exiting the Earth’s atmosphere. Which statement accurately reflects the observations made by an astronaut on a space walk outside the International Space Station during the explosion? The astronaut would see the explosion, but would not hear a boom The astronaut will not sense the explosion The astronaut will see the explosion, and then hear the boom The astronaut will feel the concussive force of the explosion, but will not see it.If a person sustains damage to axons leading from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, which step or steps of sensory perception will be affected?In what way does the overall magnitude of a stimulus affect the just-noticeable difference in the perception of that stimulus?Describe the difference in the localization of the sensory receptors for general and special senses in humans.What can be inferred about the relative sizes of the areas of cortex that process signals from skin not densely innervated with sensory receptors and skin that is densely innervated with sensory receptors?Many studies have demonstrated that women are able to tolerate the same painful stimuli for longer than men. Why don’t all people experience pain the same way?From the perspective of the recipient of the signal, in what ways do pheromones differ from other odorants?What might be the effect on an animal of not being able to perceive taste?A few recent cancer detection studies have used trained dogs to detect lung cancer in urine samples. What is the hypothesis behind this study? Why are dogs a better choice of detectors in this study than humans?How would a rise in altitude likely affect the speed of a sound transmitted through air? Why?How might being in a place with less gravity than Earth has (such as Earth’s moon) affect vestibular sensation, and why?How does the structure of the ear allow a person to determine where a sound originates?How could the pineal gland, the brain structure that plays a role in annual cycles, use visual information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?How is the relationship between photoreceptors and bipolar cells different from other sensory receptors and adjacent cells?Cataracts, the medical condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, are a leading cause of blindness. Describe how developing a cataract would change the path of light through the eye.Figure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In response to increased temperature (a “heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. At the same time, transcription of HSP genes is activated. Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins?Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin. Which of the following statement about these two conditions is true? A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will have the opposite effects on blood sugar levels. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hyperglycemia. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hypoglycemia. Both pancreatic tumors and type I diabetes result in the inability of cells to take up glucose.Figure 37.14 Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have? Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate, and fatigue. Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate, and difficulty sleeping.A newly discovered hormone contains four amino acids linked together. Under which chemical class would this hormone be classified? lipid-derived hormone amino acid-derived hormone peptide hormone glycoprotein Which class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes? lipid-derived hormones amino acid-derived hormones peptide hormones glycoprotein hormones Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? Their transport protein moves them through the membrane They are amphipathic, allowing them to interact with the entire phospholipid Cells express channels that let hormones flow down their concentration gradient into the cells They are non-polar molecules.A new antagonist molecule has been discovered that binds to and blocks plasma membrane receptors. What effect will this antagonist have on testosterone, a steroid hormone? It will block testosterone from binding to its receptor It will block testosterone from activating cAMP signaling It will increase testosterone-mediated signaling It will not affect testosterone-mediated signaling.What effect will a cAMP inhibitor have on a peptide hormone-mediated signaling pathway? It will prevent the hormone from binding its receptor It will prevent activation of a G-protein It will prevent activation of adenylate cyclase It will prevent activation of protein kinases.When insulin binds to its receptor, the complex is endocytosed into the cell. This is an example of in response to hormone signaling. cAMP activation generating an intracellular receptor activation of a hormone response element receptor down-regulation Drinking alcoholic beverages causes an increase in urine output. This most likely occurs because alcohol: inhibits ADH release stimulates ADH release inhibits TSH release stimulates TSH release.FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by. TSH GnRH T3 PTH What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas? T3 glucagon insulin T4 When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates: excretion of calcium from the kidneys excretion of calcium from the intestines osteoblasts osteoclasts.How would mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes? Patients would appear phenotypically female Patients would appear phenotypically male with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics Patients would appear phenotypically male, but cannot produce sperm Patients would express both male and female secondary sex characteristics.A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. This mechanism of hormone production is stimulated by: humoral stimuli hormonal stimuli neural stimuli negative stimuli Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked? humoral and hormonal stimuli hormonal and neural stimuli neural and humoral stimuli hormonal and negative stimuli A scientist hypothesizes that the pancreas’s hormone production is controlled by neural stimuli. Which observation would support this hypothesis? Insulin is produced in response to sudden stress without a rise in blood glucose Insulin is produced in response to a rise in glucagon levels Beta cells express epinephrine receptors Insulin is produced in response to a rise in blood glucose in the brain.Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys? thyroid glands pituitary glands adrenal glands gonads Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary? oxytocin growth hormone prolactin thyroid-stimulating hormone Recent studies suggest that blue light exposure can impact human circadian rhythms. This suggests that blue light disrupts the function of The gland(s). adrenal pituitary pineal thyroid Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can he divided into three classes based on their chemical structure. What are these classes and what is one factor that distinguishes them?Where is insulin stored, and why would it be released?Glucagon is the peptide hormone that signals for the body to release glucose into the bloodstream. How does glucagon contribute to maintaining homeostasis throughout the body? What other hormones are involved in regulating the blood glucose cycle?Name two important functions of hormone receptors.How can hormones mediate changes?Why is cAMP-mediated signal amplification not required in steroid hormone signaling? Describe how steroid signaling is amplified instead.Name and describe a function of one hormone produced by the anterior pituitary and one hormone produced by the posterior pituitary.Describe one direct action of growth hormone (GH).Researchers have recently demonstrated that stressed people are more susceptible to contracting the common cold than people who are not stressed. What kind of stress must the infected patients be experiencing, and why does it make them more susceptible to the virus?How is hormone production and release primarily controlled?Compare and contrast hormonal and humoral stimuli.Oral contraceptive pills work by delivering synthetic progestins to a woman every day. Describe why this is an effective method of birth control.What does aldosterone regulate, and how is it stimulated?The adrenal medulla contains two types of secretory cells, what are they and what are their functions?How would damage to the posterior pituitary gland affect the production and release of ADH and inhibiting hormones?Figure 38.19 Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false? Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the inferior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior.Figure 38.37 Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true? The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the myosin head. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the actin active site. The power stroke occurs when Ca2+ binds the calcium head.Figure 38.38 The deadly nerve gas Sarin irreversibly inhibits acetycholinesterase. What effect would Sarin have on muscle contraction?The forearm consists of the radius and ulna radius and humerus ulna and humerus humerus and carpus The pectoral girdle consists of the: clavicle and sternum sternum and scapula clavicle and scapula clavicle and coccyx All of the following are groups of vertebrae except ______, which is a curvature. thoracic cervical lumbar pelvic

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