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All Textbook Solutions for Biology 2e

Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait?Why is it so important for scientists to distinguish between homologous and analogous characteristics before building phylogenetic trees?Describe maximum parsimony.Compare three different ways that eukaryotic cells may have evolved.Describe how aphids acquired the ability to change color.Figure 21.5 Which of the following statements about virus structure is true? All viruses are encased in a viral membrane The capsomere is made up of small protein subunits called capsids. DNA is the genetic material in all viruses. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.Figure 21.8 Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope that fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?Figure 21.10 Which of the following statements is false? In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced and released into the environment. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome. An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle.Which statement is true? A virion contains DNA and RNA Viruses are acellular Viruses replicate outside of the cell Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.The viral______play(s) a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. core capsid envelope both b and c Viruses. all have a round shape cannot have a long shape do not maintain any shape vary in shape The observation that the bacteria genus Chlamydia contains species that can only survive as intracellular parasites supports which viral origin hypothesis? Progressive Regressive Self-replicating Virus-first A scientist discovers a new virus with a linear, RNA genome surrounded by a helical capsid. The virus is most likely a member of which family based on structure classification? Rabies virus Herpesviruses Retroviruses Influenza viruses Which statement is not true of viral replication? A lysogenic cycle kills the host cell There are six basic steps in the viral replication cycle Viral replication does not affect host cell function Newly released virions can infect adjacent cells.Which statement is true of viral replication? In the process of apoptosis, the cell survives During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface The viral capsid helps the host cell produce more copies of the viral genome mRNA works outside of the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase? It is a nucleic acid It infects cells It transcribes RNA to make DNA. d. It is a lipid.Oncogenic virus cores can be. RNA DNA neither RNA nor DNA either RNA or DNA Which is true of DNA viruses? They use the host cell's machinery to produce new copies of their genome They all have envelopes They are the only kind of viruses that can cause cancer They are not important plant pathogens.A bacteriophage can infect the lungs viruses prions bacteria People with the CCR5?32 mutation of a T-cell surface protein can be exposed to some strains of HIV-1 without becoming sick. What step of the virus life cycle is likely to be inhibited with this mutation? Release Reverse transcription Uncoating Attachment An apple grower notices that several of his apple trees with fungi growing on their trunks have developed necrotic ring spots, while other trees in the orchard that lack fungi appear healthy. What is the most likely conclusion the farmer can make about the virus infecting his apple trees? The apple trees were infected by horizontal transmission The fungi carry disease The fungi attract disease-carrying insects The apple trees were infected by vertical transmission.Which of the following is NOT used to treat active viral disease? Vaccines Antiviral drugs Antibiotics Phage therapy Vaccines. are similar to viroids are only needed once kill viruses stimulate an immune response A patient presents at the clinic with an acute viral infection. Assays that analyze the viral life cycle classify the virus into Group V with a segmented genome. Which virus is the most likely diagnosis for the patient? Rabies virus Picornavirus HIV-1 Influenza A virus Which of the following is not associated with prions? Replicating shapes Mad cow disease DNA Toxic proteins Which statement is true of viroids? They are single-stranded RNA particles They reproduce only outside of the cell They produce proteins They affect both plants and animals.The first electron micrograph of a virus (tobacco mosaic virus) was produced in 1939. Before that time, how did scientists know that viruses existed if they could not see them? (Hint: Early scientists called viruses “filterable agents.”)Varicella-zoster virus is a double-stranded DNA virus that causes chickenpox. How does its genome structure provide an evolutionary advantage over a single-stranded DNA virus?Classify the Rabies virus (a rhabdovirus family member) and HIV-1 with both the Baltimore and genomic structure systems. Compare your results. What conclusions can be made about these two different methods?Why can’t dogs catch the measles?One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?In this section, you were introduced to different types of viruses and viral diseases. Briefly discuss the most interesting or surprising thing you learned about viruses.Although plant viruses cannot infect humans, what are some of the ways in which they affect humans?A bacteriophage with a lytic life cycle develops a mutation that allows it to now also go through the lysogenic cycle. How would this provide an evolutionary advantage over the other bacteriophages that can only spread through lytic cycles?Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective and why aren’t people vaccinated for rabies like dogs and cats are?The vaccine Gardasil that targets human papilloma virus (HPV), the etiological agent of genital warts, was developed after the anti-HPV medication podofilox. Why would doctors still want a vaccine created after anti-viral medications were available?Prions are responsible for variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, which has resulted in over 100 human deaths in Great Britain during the last 10 years. How do humans contract this disease?How are viroids like viruses?A botanist notices that a tomato plant looks diseased. How could the botanist confirm that the agent causing disease is a viroid, and not a virus?Figure 22.8 Compared to free-floating bacteria, bacteria in biofilms often show increased resistance to antibiotics and detergents. Why do you think this might be the case?Figure 22.16 Which of the following statements is true? Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall anchored to the cell membrane by lipoteichoic acid. Pori ns allow entry of substances into both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thick, and the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thin. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, whereas Gram positive bacteria have a cell wall made of lipoteichoic acid.Figure 22.19 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? Nitrogen fixing bacteria exist on the root nodules of legumes and in the soil. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates (NO3 ) into nitrogen gas (N2). Ammonification is the process by which ammonium ion (NH4+) is released from decomposing organic compounds. Nitrification is the process by which nitrites (NO2-) are converted to ammonium ion (NH4+).The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_____. single-celled plants prokaryotes insects large animals such as dinosaurs Microbial mats. are the earliest forms of life on Earth obtained their energy and food from hydrothermal vents are multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes including mostly bacteria but also archaea all of the above The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were cyanobacteria phototrophic organisms anaerobic organisms all of the above Halophiles are organisms that require a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M high sugar concentration the addition of halogens all of the above Many of the first prokaryotes to be cultured in a scientific lab were human or animal pathogens. Why would these species he more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes? Pathogenic prokaryotes are hardier than non-pathogenic prokaryotes Non-pathogenic prokaryotes require more supplements in their growth media Most of the necessary culture conditions could be inferred for pathogenic prokaryotes Pathogenic bacteria can grow as free bacteria, but non-pathogenic bacteria only grow as parts of large colonies.The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of. prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells all cells viruses Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells? bacteria and fungi archaea and fungi protists and animals bacteria and archaea The cell wall is ___________ . interior to the cell membrane exterior to the cell membrane a part of the cell membrane interior or exterior depending on the particular cell Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are. fungi bacteria viruses archaea Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gramnegative because of differences in the cell wall cytoplasm nucleus chromosome Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of. eukaryotic cells bacterial prokaryotic cells archaean prokaryotic cells bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) is a characteristic of the wall of. archaean cells Gram-negative bacteria bacterial prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells Which of the following elements is not a micronutrient? boron calcium chromium manganese Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____________. phototrophs auxotrophs chemotrophs lithotrophs Ammonification is the process by which. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds such as NO, N2O, and N2 gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia Plants use carbon dioxide from the air and are therefore called _____________. consumers producers decomposer carbon fixers Cyanobacteria harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis, and oxidize water to provide electrons for energy generation. Thus, we classify cyanobacteria as. photolithotrophs photoautotrophs chemolithoautotrophs chemo-organotrophs A disease that is constantly present in a population iis called _____________. pandemic epidemic endemic re-emerging Which of the statements about biofilms is incorrect? Biofilms are considered responsible for diseases such as cystic fibrosis Biofilms produce dental plaque, and colonize catheters and prostheses Biofilms colonize open wounds and burned tissue All statements are incorrect.Which of these statements is true? An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of other viruses An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of eukaryotic cells An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that prevents growth of the same prokaryote.A person in England arrives at a medical clinic with a fever and swollen lymph nodes shortly after returning from a visit to New Mexico. For which bacteria should the doctor test the patient? Salmonella enterica Bon elia burgdorferi Clostridium botulinum Yersinia pestis MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when antibiotics exist that can kill MRSA? MRSA can transfer methicillin-resistance to other bacteria Patients are not treated with correct antibiotics rapidly enough to prevent serious illness MRSA could acquire additional antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria to become a “super bug." All of the above.Which of these occurs through symbiotic nitrogen fixation? The plant benefits from using an endless source of nitrogen The soil benefits from being naturally fertilized Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant All of the above occur.Synthetic compounds found in an organism but not normally produced or expected to be present in that organism are called _____________. pesticides bioi emediators recalcitrant compounds xenobiotics Bioremediation includes. the use of prokaryotes that can fix nitrogen the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers All of the above In addition to providing yogurt with its unique flavor and texture, lactic acid-producing bacteria also provide which additional benefit during food production? Providing xenobiotics Lowering the pH to kill pathogenic bacteria Pasteurizing milk products Breaking down lactose for lactose-intolerant individuals Describe briefly how you would detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in an environmental sample.Why do scientists believe that the first organisms on Earth were extremophiles?A new bacterial species is discovered and classified as an endolith, an extremophile that lives inside rock. If the bacteria were discovered in the permafrost of Antarctica, describe two extremophile features the bacteria must possess.Mention three differences between bacteria and archaea.Explain the statement that both types, bacteria and archaea, have the same basic structures, but built from different chemical components.A scientist isolates a new species of prokaryote He notes that the specimen is a bacillus with a lipid bilayer and cell wall that stains positive for peptidoglycan. Its circular chromosome replicates from a single origin of replication. Is the specimen most likely an Archaea, a Gram-positive bacterium, or a Gram-negative bacterium? How do you know?Think about the conditions (temperature, light, pressure, and organic and inorganic materials) that you may find in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. What type of prokaryotes, in terms of their metabolic needs (autotrophs, phototrophs, chemotrophs, etc.), would you expect to find there?Farmers continually rotate the crops grown in different fields to maintain nutrients in the soil. How would planting soybeans in a field the year after the field was used to grow carrots help maintain nitrogen in the soil?Imagine a region of soil became contaminated, killing bacteria that decompose dead plants and animals. How would this effect the carbon cycle in the area? Be specific in stating where carbon would accumulate in the cycle.Explain the reason why the imprudent and excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a major global problem.Researchers have discovered that washing spinach with water several times does not prevent foodborne diseases due to E. coli. How can you explain this fact?Your friend believes that prokaryotes are always detrimental and pathogenic. How would you explain to them that they are wrong?Many people use antimicrobial soap to kill bacteria on their hands. However, overuse may actually increase the risk of infection. How could this occur?Figure 23.5 What evidence is there that mitochondria were incorporated into the ancestral eukaryotic cell before chloroplasts?Figure 23.25 Which of the following statements about Paramecium sexual reproduction is false? The macronuclei are derived from micronuclei. Both mitosis and meiosis occur during sexual reproduction. The conjugate pair swaps macronuclei. Each parent produces four daughter cells Figure 23.28 Which of the following statements about the Laminaria life cycle is false? In zoospores form in the sporangia. The sporophyte is the 2n plant. The gametophyte is diploid. Both the gametophyte and sporophyte stages are multicellular.What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? global warming glaciation volcanic activity oxygenation of the atmosphere Which characteristic is shared by prokaryotes and eukaryotes? cytoskeleton nuclear envelope DNA-based genome mitochondria Mitochondria most likely evolved by ___________ . a photosynthetic cyanobacterium cytoskeletal elements endosymbiosis membrane proliferation Which of these protists is believed to have evolved following a secondary endosymbiosis? green algae cyanobacteria red algae chlorarachniophytes In 2016, scientists published the genome of Monoceiconionoides, and demonstrated that this organism has no detectable mitochondrial genes. However, its genome was arranged in linear chromosomes wrapped around histones which are contained within the nucleus. Monoceiconionoides is therefore a(n). Bacteria Archea Eukaryote Endosymbiont Which of the following observations about a bacterium would distinguish it from the last eukaryotic common ancestor? A double-stranded DNA genome Lack of a membrane-bound structure surrounding the genome Fatty acids in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane Enclosed by a cell wall Protists that have a pellicle are surrounded by ___________ . silica dioxide calcium carbonate carbohydrates proteins Piotists with the capabilities to perform photosynthesis and to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called _____________. photoautotrophs mixotrophs saprobes heterotrophs Which of these locomotor organs would likely be the shortest? a flagellum a cilium an extended pseudopod a pellicle Alternation of generations describes which of the following? The haploid form can be multicellular; the diploid form is unicellular The haploid form is unicellular; the diploid form can be multicellular Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular Neither the haploid nor the diploid forms can be multicellular.The amoeba E. histolytica is a pathogen that forms liver abscesses in infected individuals. Its metabolic classification is most likely. Anaerobic heterotroph Mixotroph Aerobic phototroph Phagocytic autotroph Which protist group exhibits mitochondrial remnants with reduced functionality? slime molds diatoms parabasalids dinoflagellates Conjugation between two Paramecia produces total daughter cells. 2 4 8 16 What is the function of the raphe in diatoms? locomotion defense capturing food photosynthesis What genus of piotists appears to contradict the statement that unicellularity restricts cell size? Dictyostefium Ulva Plasmodium Cauleipa A marine biologist analyzing water samples notices a protist with a calcium carbonate shell that moves by pseudopodia extension. The protist is likely to be closely related to which species? Fuligo septica (Dog Vomit slime mold) Circogonia icosahedra (Radiolarian) Eugiena viridis Ammonia tepida An example of carbon fixation is photosynthesis decomposition phagocytosis parasitism Which parasitic protist evades the host immune system by altering its surface proteins with each generation? Paramecium caudatum Trypanosoma brucei Plasmodium falciparum Phytophthora infestans Which of the following is not a way that piotists contribute to the food web? They fix carbon into organic molecules They occupy the apex producer niche They enter symbiotic relationships with animals They recycle nutrients back into the carbon and nitrogen cycles.Describe the hypothesized steps in the origin of eukaryotic cells.Some aspects of eukaryotes are more similar to Archaea, while other aspects of eukaryotic cell composition appear more closely related to Bacteria. Explain how endosymbiosis could resolve this paradox.Explain in your own words why sexual reproduction can be useful if a protist’s environment changes.Giaidia iamblia is a cyst-forming protist parasite that causes diarrhea if ingested. Given this information, against what type(s) of environments might G. Iamblia cysts be particularly resistant?Explain how the definition of protists ensures that the kingdom Protista includes a wide diversity of cellular structures. Provide an example of two different structures that perform the same function for their respective protist.The chllorophyte (green algae) genera Ulva and Caulerpa both have macroscopic leaf-like and stem like structures, but only Ulva species are considered truly multicellular. Explain why.Why might a light-sensing eyespot be ineffective for an obligate saprobe? Suggest an alternative organ for a saprobic protist.Opisthokonta includes animals and fungi, as well as protists. Describe the key feature of this phylum, and an example of how an organism in each kingdom uses this feature.Describe two ways in which paramecium differs from the projected traiits of the last eukaryotic common ancestor.How does killing Anopheles mosquitoes affect the Plasmodium protists?Without treatment, why dees African sleeping sickness invariably lead to death?Describe how increasing stress to the ocean would affect a food chain containing zooxanthellae, corals, parrotfish, and sharks.Figure 24.14 Which of the following statements is true? A dikaryotic ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. A diploid ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosiis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. A haploid zygote that forms in the ascocarp undergoes karyogamy, meiosiis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores. A dikaryotic ascus that forms in the ascocarp undergoes plasmogamy, meiosis, and mitosis to form eight ascospores.Figure 24.17 Which of the following statements is true? A basidium is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus, and it forms four basidiocarps. The result of the plasmogamy step is four basidiospores. Karyogamy results directly in the formation of mycelia. A basidiocarp is the fruiting body of a mushroom-producing fungus.Figure 24.21 If symbiotic fungi are absent from the soil, what impact do you think this would have on plant growth?Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell wall of fungi? starch glycogen chitin cellulose Which of these organelles is not found in a fungal cell? chloroplast nucleus mitochondrion Golgi apparatus The wall dividing individual cells in a fungal filament is called a thallus hypha mycelium septum During sexual reproduction, a homothallic mycelium contains all septated hyphae all haploid nuclei both mating types none of the above The life cycles of perfect fungi are most similar to which other organism? Hydra that undergo asexual budding Diploid-dominant pea plants Haploid-dominant green algae Bacteria undergoing binary fission The most primitive phylum of fungi is the ___________ . Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Members of which phylum produce a club shaped structure that contains spores? Chytridiomycota Basidicmycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Members of which phylum establish a successful symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees? Ascomycota Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota The fungi that do not reproduce sexually used to be classified as. Ascomycota Deuteromycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota A scientist discovers a new species of fungus that introduces genetic diversity during reproduction by creating a diploid zygote. This new species cannot belong to which modern phylum of fungi? Zygomycota Glomeromycota Chytridiomycota Deuteromycota What term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree? a rhizoid a lichen a mycorrhiza an endophyte Why are fungi important decomposers? They produce many spores They can grow in many different environments They produce mycelia They recycle carbon and inorganic minerals by the process of decomposition.Consider an ecosystem where all the fungi not involved in mycorrhizae are eliminated. How would this affect nitrogen intakeby plants? Nitrogen intake would increase Nitrogen intakewould not change Nitrogen intakewould decrease Nitrogen intakewould stop.A fungus that climbs up a tree reaching higher elevation to release its spores in the wind and does not receive any nutrients from the tree or contribute to the tree's welfare is described as a. commensal mutualist parasite pathogen A fungal infection that affects nails and skin is classified as. systemic mycosis mycetismus superficial mycosis mycotoxicosis The targets for anti-fungal drugs are much more limited than antibiotics or anti-viral medications. Why? There are more bacteria and viruses than fungi Fungi can only be targeted during sexual reproduction, while bacteria and viruses can be targeted at any point in their lifespan Fungi cause topical infections, while viruses and bacteria cause systemic infections Human cells are much more similar to fungi cells than bacteria or viruses.Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that alcohol fermentation takes place only if: the temperature is close to 37°C the atmosphere does not contain oxygen sugar is provided to the cells light is provided to the cells The advantage of yeast cells over bacterial cells to express human proteins is that: yeast cells grow faster yeast cells are easier to manipulate genetically yeast cells are eukaryotic and modify proteins similarly to human cells yeast cells are easily lysed to purify the proteins Why are fungal insecticides an attractive alternative to chemical pesticides for growing food crops? Human consumption of fungal insecticides would not make a person sick, but ingestion of chemical pesticides can be harmful to humans A single fungal insecticide would kill a wider variety of insects than a chemical pesticide Fungal insecticides can eliminate both harmful insects and plant pathogens, while chemical pesticides only kill insects Fungal insecticides will decompose dying plants, enhancing the nitrogen content of the soil, while chemical pesticides are not decomposers.What are the evolutionary advantages for an organism to reproduce both asexually and sexually?Compare plants, animals, and fungi, considering these components: cell wall, chloroplasts, plasma membrane, food source, and polysaccharide storage. Be sure to indicate fungi’s similarities and differences to plants and animals.Why is the large surface area of the mycelium essential for nutrient acquisition by fungi?What is the advantage for a basidiomycete to produce a showy and fleshy fruiting body?For each of the four groups of perfect fungi (Chyti idiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota), compare the body structure and features, and provide an example.Why does protection from light actually benefit the photosynthetic partner in lichens?Ambrosia bark beetles carry Amb/os/e//a fungal spores to trees, then bore holes and lay their eggs with the fungus. When the new larvae hatch, they eat the fungus that has germinated in the holes. Describe how this relationship can be classified as mutualistic.Ecologists often attempt to introduce new plants to restore degraded land. In an arid climate, scientists recommend introducing plants with arbuscular mycorrhizae. How would the mycorrhizae increase the plants’ survival compared to plants without mycorrhizae?Why can superficial mycoses in humans lead to bacterial infections?Explain how the Red Queen Hypothesis describes the continuously evolving relationship between red grapes and Botiytis cinerea.Historically, artisanal breads were produced by capturing wild yeasts from the air. Prior to the development of modern yeast strains, the production of artisanal breads was long and laborious because many batches of dough ended up being discarded. Can you explain this fact?How would treating an area of a forest with a broad-spectrum fungicide alter the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the area?Figure 25.6 Which of the following statements about plant divisions is false? Lycophytes and pterophytes are seedless vascular plants. All vascular plants produce seeds. All non-vascular embryophytes are bryophytes. Seed plants include angiosperms and gym nosperms.Figure 25.14 Which of the following statements about the moss life cycle is false? The mature gametophyte is haploid. The sporophyte produces haploid spores. The calyptra buds to form a mature gametophyte. The zygote is housed in the venter.Figure 25.24 Which of the following statements about the fern life cycle is false? Sporangia produce haploid spores. The sporophyte grows from a gametophyte The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid. Sporangia form on the underside of the gametophyte.The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups? green algae red algae brown algae d. angiosperms Alternation of generations means that plants produce: only haploid multicellular organisms only diploid multicellular organisms only diploid multicellular organisms with single-celled haploid gametes both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height? alternation of generations waxy cuticle tracheids sporopollenin How does a haplontic plant population maintain genetic diversity? Zygotes are produced by random fusion Gametes are created through meiosis Diploid spores undergo independent assortment during mitosis The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte.What characteristic of Charales would enable them to survive a dry spell? sperm with flagella phragmoplasts sporopollenin chlorophyll a Which one of these characteristics is present in land plants and not in Charales? alternation of generations flagellated sperm phragmoplasts plasmodesmata A scientist sequences the genome of Chara, red algae, and a tomato plant. What result would support the conclusion that Charophytes should he included in the F’/amae kingdom? The Chara genome is more similar to the red algae than the tomato plant All three genomes are distinctly different The Chara genome is more similar to the tomato plant genome than the red algae genome The tomato plant genome is distinct from the red algae genome.Which of the following features does not support the inclusion of Charophytes in the Plantae kingdom? Charophyte chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b Charophyte plant cell walls contain plasmodesmata to allow transfer between cells within multicellular organisms Charophytes do not exhibit growth throughout the entire plant body Charophytes are multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue.Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes? a cellulose cell wall chloroplast sporangium root Stomata appear in which group of plants? Charales liverworts hornworts mosses The chromosome complement in a moss protonema is: 1n 2n 3n varies with the size of the protonema Why do mosses grow well in the Arctic tundra? They grow better at cold temperatures They do not require moisture They do not have true roots and can grow on hard surfaces There are no herbivores in the tundra.A botanist travels to an area that has experienced a long, severe drought. While examining the bryophytes in the area, he notices that many are in the same life-cycle stage. Which life-cycle stage should be the most common? zygote gametophyte sporophyte archegonium Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants? mosses liverworts club mosses ferns A plant in the understory of a forest displays a segmented stem and slender leaves arranged in a whorl. It is probably a. club moss whisk fern fern horsetail The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia: sori rhizomes megaphylls microphylls The dominant organism in fern is the sperm spore gamete sporophyte What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy? club moss horsetail sphagnum moss fern How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil? Mosses fix nitrogen from the air Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil Mosses decompose rocks and release nitrogen.The production of megaphylls by many different species of plants is an example of. parallel evolution analogy divergent evolution homology Why did land plants lose some of the accessory pigments present in brown and red algae?What is the difference between extant and extinct?Describe at least two challenges that cactuses had to overcome that cattails did not.Describe a minimum of two ways that plants changed the land environment to support the emergence of land animals.To an alga, what is the main advantage of producing drought-resistant structures?In areas where it rains often, mosses grow on roofs. How do mosses survive on roofs without soil?What are the three classes of bryophytes?Describe two adaptations that are present in mosses, but not hornworts or liverworts, which reflect steps of evolution toward land plants.Bryophytes form a monophyletic group that transitions between green algae and vascular plants Describe at least one similarity and one difference between bryophyte reproduction and green algae reproduction.How did the development of a vascular system contribute to the increase in size of plants?Which plant is considered the most advanced seedless vascular plant and why?Ferns are simultaneously involved in promoting rock weathering, while preventing soil erosion. Explain how a single plant can perform both these functions, and how these functions are beneficial to its ecosystem.Figure 26.8 At what stage dees the diploid zygote form? when the female cone begins to bud from the tree at fertilization when the seeds drop from the tree when the pollen tube begins to grow Figure 26.15 If a flower lacked a megasporangium, what type of gamete would not form? If the flower lacked a microsporangium, what type of gamete would not form?Seed plants are. all homosporous mostly homosporous with some heteros porous mostly heteros porous with some homosporous all heterosporous Besides the seed, what ether major structure diminishes a plant’s reliance on water for reproduction? flower fruit pollen spore In which of the following geological periods would gymnosperms dominate the landscape? Carboniferous Permian Triassic Eocene (present)Which of the following structures widens the geographic range of a species and is an agent of dispersal? seed flower leaf root Which of the following traits characterizes gym nosperms? The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves Reproductive structures are located in a flower After fertilization, the ovary thickens and forms a fruit The gametophyte is the longest phase of the life cycle.Megasporocytes will eventually produce which of the following? pollen grain sporophytes male gametophytes female gametophytes What is the ploidy of the following structures gametophyte, seed, spore, sporophyte? 1n, 1n, 2n, 2n 1n, 2n, 1n, 2n 2n, 1n, 2n, 1n 2n, 2n, 1n, 1n In the northern forests of Siberia, a tall tree is most likely a: conifer cycad Ginkgo bitoba gnetophyte Which of the following structures in a flower is not directly involved in reproduction? the style the stamen the sepal the anther Pollen grains develop in which structure? the anther the stigma the filament the carpel In the course of double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg and the second one fuses with ___________ . the synergids the polar nuclei of the center cell the egg as well the antipodal cells Corn develops from a seedling with a single cotyledon, displays parallel veins on its leaves, and produces monosulcate pollen. It is most likely: a gymnosperm a monocot a eudicot a basal angiosperm Which of the following plant structures is not a defense against herbivory? thorns spines nectar alkaloids White and sweet-smelling flowers with abundant nectar are probably pollinated by bees and butterflies flies birds wind Abundant and powdery pollen produced by small, indistinct flowers is probably transported by: bees and butterflies flies birds wind Plants are a source of food fuel medicine all of the above The Triassic Period was marked by the increase in number and variety of angiosperms. Insects also diversified enormously during the same period. Can you propose the reason or reasons that could foster coevolution?What role did the adaptations of seed and pollen play in the development and expansion of seed plants?The Mediterranean landscape along the sea shore is dotted with pines and cypresses. The weather is not cold, and the trees grow at sea level. What evolutionary adaptation of conifers makes them suitable to the Mediterranean climate?What are the four modern-day phyla of gymnosperms?Some cycads are considered endangered species and their trade is severely restricted. Customs officials stop suspected smugglers who claim that the plants in their possession are palm trees, not cycads. How would a botanist distinguish between the two types of plants?What are the two structures that allow angiosperms to be the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems?Biosynthesis of nectar and nutrient-rich pollen is energetically very expensive for a plant. Yet, plants funnel large amounts of energy into animal pollination. What are the evolutionary advantages that offset the cost of attracting animal pollinators?What is biodiversity and why is it important to an ecosystem?Figure 27.5 If a Hox 13 gene in a mouse was replaced with a Hox 1 gene, how might this alter animal development?Figure 27.6 Which of the following statements is false? Eumetazoans have specialized tissues and parazoans don’t. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa are both Bilataria. Acoela and Cnidaria both possess radial symmetry. Arthropods are more closely related to nematodes than they are to annelids.Figure 27.9 Which of the following statements about diploblasts and triploblasts is false? Animals that display radial symmetry are diploblasts. Animals that display bilateral symmetry are triploblasts. The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract. The mesoderm gives rise to the central nervous system.Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals? development into a fixed body plan asexual reproduction specialized tissues heterotrophic nutrient sourcing During embryonic development, unique cell layers develop into specific groups of tissues or organs during a stage called _____________. the blastula stage the germ layer stage the gastrula stage the organogenesis stage Which of the following phenotypes would most likely be the result of a Hox gene mutation? abnormal body length or height two different eye colors the contraction of a genetic illness two fewer appendages than normal Which of the following organisms is most likely to be a diploblast? sea star shrimp jellyfish insect Which of the following is not possible? radially symmetrical diploblast diploblastic eucoelomate protostomic coelomate bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome An animal whose development is marked by radial cleavage and enterocoely is. a deuterostome an annelid or mollusk either an acoelomate or eucoelomate none of the above Consulting the modern phylogenetic tree of animals, which of the following would not constitute a clade? deuterostomes lophotrochozoans Parazoa Bilateria Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor? fungal cells protist cells plant cells bacterial cells As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum, it is common for data to misplace animals in close relation to other species, whereas data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship. molecular: morphological molecular: fossil record fossil record : morphological morphological: molecular Which of the following periods is the earliest during which animals may have appeared? Ordovician period Cambrian period Ediacaran period Cryogenian period What type of data is primarily used to determine the existence and appearance of early animal species? molecular data fossil data morphological data embryological development data The time between 542-488 million years ago marks which period? Cambrian period Silurian period Ediacaran period Devonian period Until recent discoveries suggested otherwise, animals existing before the Cambrian period were believed to be: small and ocean-dwelling small and nonmotile small and soft-bodied small and radially symmetrical or asymmetrical Plant life first appeared on land during which of the following periods? Cambrian period Ordovician period Silurian period Devonian period Approximately how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animals? 3 4 5 more than 5 Why might the evolution of specialized tissues be important for animal function and complexity?Describe and give examples of how humans display all of the features common to the animal kingdom.How have Hox genes contributed to the diversity of animal body plans?Using the following terms, explain what classifications and groups humans fall into, from the most general to the most specific: symmetry, germ layers, coelom, cleavage, embryological development.Explain some of the advantages brought about through the evolution of bilateral symmetry and coelom formation.Describe at least two major changes to the animal phylogenetic tree that have come about due to molecular or genetic findings.How is it that morphological data alone might lead scientists to group animals into erroneous evolutionary relationships?Briefly describe at least two theories that attempt to explain the cause of the Cambrian explosion.How is it that most if not all, of the extant animal phyla today evolved during the Cambrian period if so many massive extinction events have taken place since then?Figure 28.3 Which of the following statements is false? Choanocytes have flagella that propel water through the body. Pinacocytes can transform into any cell type. Lophocytes secrete collagen. Porocytes control the flow of water through pores in the sponge body.Figure 28.21 Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk is false? Mollusks have a radula for grinding food. A digestive gland is connected to the stomach. The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle. The digestive system includes a gizzard, a stomach, a digestive gland, and the intestine.Figure 28.45 Which of the following statements about insects is false? Insects have both dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Insects have spiracles, openings that allow air to enter. The trachea is part of the digestive system. Insects have a developed digestive system with a mouth, crop, and intestine.Mesohyl contains: a polysaccharide gel and dead cells a collagen-like gel and suspended cells for various functions spicules composed of silica or calcium carbonate multiple pores.The large central opening in the parazoan body is called the: gem mule spicule ostia osculum.Most sponge body plans are slight variations on a simple tube-within-a-tube design. Which of the following is a key limitation of sponge body plans? Sponges lack the specialized cell types needed to produce more complex body plans The reliance on osmosis/diffusion requires a design that maximizes the surface area to volume ratio of the sponge Choanocytes must be protected from the hostile exterior environment Spongin cannot support heavy bodies.Cnidocytes are found in phylum Porifera phylum Nemertea phylum Nematoda phylum Cnidaria Cubozoans are polyps medusoids polymorphs sponges While collecting specimens, a marine biologist finds a sessile Cnidarian. The medusas that bud from it swim by contracting a ring of muscle in their bells. To which class does this specimen belong? Class Hydrozoa Class Cubozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa Which group of fllatworms are primarily ectoparasites of fish? monogeneans trematodes cestodes turbellarians The rhynchocoel is a. circulatory system fluid-filled cavity primitive excretory system proboscis Annelids have (a): pseudocoelom true coelom no coelom none of the above A mantle and mantle cavity are present in: phylum Echinodermata phylum Adversoidea phylum Mollusca phylum Nemertea.How does segmentation enhance annelid locomotion? Segmentation creates repeating body structures so the entire organism functions in synchrony Segmentation allows specialization of different body regions Neural segmentation allows annelids to localize sensations Muscle contractions can be localized to specific regions of the body to coordinate movement.The embryonic development in nematodes can have up to larval stages. one two three five The nematode cuticle contains. glucose skin cells chitin nerve cells Crustaceans are ecdysozoans nematodes arachnids parazoans Flies are ___________ . chelicerates hexapods arachnids crustaceans Which of the following is not a key advantage provided by the exoskeleton of terrestrial arthropods? Prevents dessication Protects internal tissue Provides mechanical support Grows with the arthropod throughout its life Echinoderms have. triangular symmetry radial symmetry hexagonal symmetry pentaradial symmetry The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is blood mesohyl water saline Which of the following features does not distinguish humans as a member of phylum Chordata? Human embryos undergo indeterminate cleavage A spinal cord runs along an adult human’s dorsal side Human embryos exhibit pharyngeal arches and gill slits, The human coccyx forms from an embryonic tail.The sister taxon of the Chordata is the. Mollusca Arthropoda Ambulacraria Rotifera Describe the different cell types and their functions in sponges.Describe the feeding mechanism of sponges and identify how it is different from other animals.Explain the function of nematocysts in cnidarians.Compare the structural differences between Porifera and Cnidaria.Compare the differences in sexual reproduction between Porifera and Cubozoans. How does the difference in fertilization provide an evolutionary advantage to the Cubozoans?How does the tapeworm body plan support widespread dissemination of the parasite?Describe the morphology and anatomy of mollusks.What are the anatomical differences between nemertines and mollusks?How does a change in the circulatory system organization support the body designs in cephalopods compared to other mollusks?Enumerate features of Caenoihabditis elegans that make it a valuable model system for biologists What are the different ways in which nematodes can reproduce?Why are tardigrades essential to recolonizing habits following destruction or mass extinction?Describe the various superclasses that phylum Arthropcda can be divided into.Compare and contrast the segmentation seen in phylum Annelida with that seen in phylum Arthropoda.How do terrestrial arthropods of the subphylum Hexapoda impact the world’s food supply? Provide at least two positive and two negative effects.Describe the different classes of echinoderms using examples.Figure 29.3 Which of the following statements about common features of chordates is true? The dorsal hollow nerve cord is part of the chordate central nervous system. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits become the gills. Humans are not chordates because humans do not have a tail. Vertebrates do not have a notochord at any point in their development; instead, they have a vertebral column.Figure 29.22 Which of the following statements about the parts of an amniotic egg are false? The allantois stores nitrogenous waste and facilitates respiration. The chorion facilitates gas exchange. The yolk provides food for the growing embryo. The amniotic cavity is filled with albumen.Figure 29.24 Members of the order Testudines have an anapsid-like skull with one opening. However, molecular studies indicate that turtles descended from a diapsid ancestor. Why might this be the case?Which of the following is not contained in phylum Chordata? Cephalochordata Echinodermata Urochordata Vertebrata Which group of invertebrates is most closely related to vertebrates? cephalochordates echinoderms arthropods urochordates Hagfish. lam preys. sharks, and tuna are all chordates that can also be classified into which group? Craniates Vertebrates Cartilaginous fish Cephalocordata Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having (a). jaw bony skeleton cartilaginous skeleton two sets of paired fins Members of Chondrichfhyes are thought to be descended from fishes that had. a cartilaginous skeleton a bony skeleton mucus glands slime glands A marine biologist catches a species of fish she has never seen before. Upon examination, she determines that the species has a predominantly cartilaginous skeleton and a swim bladder. If its pectoral fins are not fused with its head, to which category of fish does the specimen belong? Rays Osteichthyes Sharks Hagfish Which of the following is not true of Acanthostega? It was aquatic It had gills It had four limbs It laid shelled eggs.Frogs belong to which order? Anura Urodela Caudata Apoda During the Mesozoic period, diapsids diverged into. pterosaurs and dinosaurs mammals and reptiles lepidosaurs and archosaurs Testudines and Sphenodontia Squamata includes. crocodiles and alligators turtles tuataras lizards and snakes Which of the following reptile groups gave rise to modern birds? Lepidosaurs Pterosaurs Anapsids Archosaurs A bird or feathered dinosaur is. Neornithes Archaeopteryx Enantiornithes Paleognathae Which of the following feather types helps to reduce drag produced by wind resistance during flight? Flight feathers Primary feathers Secondary feathers Contour feathers Eccrine glands produce sweat lipids scents milk Monotremes include: kangaroos koalas bandicoots platypuses.The evolution of which of the following features of mammals is hardest to trace through the fossil record? Jaw structure Mammary glands Middle ear structure Development of hair Which of the following is not an anthropoid? Lemurs Monkeys Apes Humans Which of the following is part of a clade believed to have died out, leaving no descendants? Paranthropus robustus Australopithecus africanus Homo erectus Homo sapiens sapiens Which of the following human traits is not a shared characteristic of primates? Hip structure supporting bipedalism Detection and processing of three-color vision Nails at the end of each digit Enlarged brain area associated with vision, and reduced area associated with smell What are the characteristic features of the chordates?What is the structural advantage of the notochord in the human embryo? Be sure to compare the notochord with the corresponding structure in adults.

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