One of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activity of ZPA. Where in the limb bud is this region? What axis of the limb does it help to specify? What properties of this region make it an organizing region Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects? What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?
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One of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activity of ZPA.
- Where in the limb bud is this region?
- What axis of the limb does it help to specify?
- What properties of this region make it an organizing region
- Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects?
- What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?
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- Concept test: Please discuss thoroughly. One of the key components in vertebrate limb development is the polarizing region, also known as the zone or polarizing activity of ZPA. Where in the limb bud is this region? What axis of the limb does it help to specify? What properties of this region make it an organizing region Through which signaling molecule does it exert its effects? What is the evidence for the importance of this molecule?Which of the following is True about the STAT signaling cascade? O It amplifies signal for TGF-B family of Growth Factors O It amplifies signal for cytokine receptors O It amplifies signal for receptor tyrosine kinases O It amplifies the signal for NotchSuppose that a G protein undergoes a mutation that allows the exchange of bound GTP for GDP to occur in the absence of G protein binding to a re- ceptor. How might this mutation affect signaling involving a GPCR? Which subunit of the G protein is most likely affected by the mutation?
- Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of nuclear receptors and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways thgt are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? Key physiological What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? process involved Mechanism of What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which molecules does…Hormones are chemical signaling molecules produced by specialized cells and transmitted via the circulatory system to all other cells in the body. Which of the following describes a condition that needs to be met for a target cell to re- ceive the signaling molecules? A B с D The size and shape of the target cell needs to be similar to that of the cell that secreted the hormone. The location of the target cell needs to be within the local region of the cell that secreted the hormone. The target cell needs to have sufficient ATP to transport the hormone into the cell. The cytosol of the target cell has to have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone.What type of signal transduction is involved in signaling from hormones such as estrogen and testosterone? Explain the signal transduction pathway that occurs. 1. Is there a short term description for signal transduction, instead wrting multiple words to descripte the type of signal transduction? Can I just identify it as active signal transduction and inactive signal transduction. Based on my understanding, active singal transduction is for the fast react transdcution, while inactive signal transduction meanly refers the hormonal affacts on the system. 2. For Ion channels, specific enzymes are both involed activated and inactivated signal transduction?
- Aberrant signaling through the EGF receptor signal transduction pathway drives many forms of breast cancer, while misregulation of PI3K drives many prostate cancers. PI3K is one of MANY downstream effectors of EGF receptor signaling, and there are several known activating mutations of PI3K. Would a small molecule that targets PI3K be an effective treatment for a breast cancer that is driven by aberrant signaling through the EGF receptor? Briefly explain your choice. (THIS CAN BE DONE IN LESS THAN TWO SENTENCES, AND MINIMALLY IN ABOUT EIGHT WORDS.)What is the intracellular signaling molecule that causes the mechanism above to happen? said another way: you were told that smooth muscle is more responsive to hormone and that this did something to receptors. From here you had to decide above if this is up or downregulation of receptors and if this occurs via endo or exocytosis. What is the intracellular signal that makes this endo or exocytosis happen? Intracellular concentration rises for CAMP Intracellular concentration rises for calcium Intracellular concentration rises for potassium G-proteins are activated Kinases are activatedEach cell in a multicellular animal is programmed to respond to a specific set of extracellular signal molecules produced by other cells. Explain why and how?
- How would signaling between two cells e affected by the following mutation: occludes (NA) (obtains new function that induces large gaps)How could we promote rapid or slow signaling for medical purposes? So there are many examples of slow and rapid signaling via coupled receptors. For an example, salivary gland secretion is rapid signaling and cell growth is slow signaling. These pathways could be twisted and used to resolve medical issues in a more natural and less damaging way. Are there any experiments that have or could be done to test out promoting rapid signaling to speed up slow processes such as cell growth in a severe wound? What experiments have or could be done to test out slowing down signaling that is fast like cells responding to their environment negatively (over-active allergies)? Thank you.A brain scan of an epileptic patient shows that the patient has clusters of neuronal cell bodies positioned in posterior periventricular zọne. A likely cause of this mislocalization could be a mutation in some repulsive guidance molecules in the extracellular matrix. a mutation in the Sonic Hedgehog factor which inactivates its function. O a mutation in the reelin protein at the marginal zone during development. O a defect in neuroepithelial cell mitotic process. a mutation in an astrocytes plasma membrane protein.