Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process.
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Ligand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations.
One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below:
1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process.
2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.
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- BIM-46187 is a protein inhibitor that binds to the a-subunit of the G, protein. It prevents the GDP/GTP exchange and prevents activity of the G protein. Which of the following would you expect to see lower levels of as a result? You can select more than one answer. S-S Mol. W: 795.11 Image: https://aobious.com/aobious/protein-inhibitors/1086-bim-46187.html Select one or more: O a. Cyclic AMP (CAMP) O b. Tyrosine kinase HSP O d. Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) O e. DAG O f. JAK O g. IP3Starting from the situation below, explain the next immediate steps that occur after the agonist ligand binds to the GPCR. Describe what happens in terms of the GTP and the heterotrimeric G protein structure. www www Ligand α В GTP ZAN Y Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. GDPserotonin [µM] 0.025 transport rate A [dpm/min] 300.0 transport rate B [dpm/min] 10 0.08 920.0 30.0 0.25 2500.0 100.0 0.7 5400.0 350.0 2 8800.0 1100.0 9100.0 3000.0 11. Draw a graph (by using Excel or similar), plotting the serotonin concentration against the transport rate under both conditions. 12. What transport rates for each condition would you expect if the experiment was repeated using 12µM ['H] serotonin? Add your estimate into the table above. 13. Examine the plot obtained for condition A; what can you conclude with regards to whether or not the transport of serotonin into these cells requires a protein? Explain your conclusion.
- serotonin [µM] 0.025 transport rate A [dpm/min] 300.0 transport rate B [dpm/min] 10 0.08 920.0 30.0 0.25 2500.0 100.0 0.7 5400.0 350.0 2 8800.0 1100.0 9100.0 3000.0 11. Draw a graph (by using Excel or similar), plotting the serotonin concentration against the transport rate under both conditions. 12. What transport rates for each condition would you expect if the experiment was repeated using 12µM ['H] serotonin? Add your estimate into the table above. 13. Examine the plot obtained for condition A; what can you conclude with regards to whether or not the transport of serotonin into these cells requires a protein? Explain your conclusion. 14. Compare the plots of the transport rates for both conditions. What is most likely mechanism of transport for serotonin into these cells? Explain your interpretation.Show where trypsin and chymotrypsin would cleave the following peptide. Tyr-Ile-Gln-Arg-Leu-Gly-Phe-Lys-Asn-Trp-Phe-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gly-Gln-GlnB. After treatment with peroxyformic acid, the peptide hormone vasopressin is partially hydrolyzed. The following fragments are recovered. Propose a primary structure for vasopressin.Phe-Gln-Asn Pro-Arg-Gly • NH2 Cys-Tyr-Phe Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg Tyr-Phe-Gln-AsnC. Consider the following peptide: Gly-Ile-Glu-Trp-Thr-Pro-Tyr-Gln-Phe-Arg-LysWhat amino acids and peptides are produced when the above peptide is treated with each of the following reagents?1. Carboxypeptidase2. Chymotrypsin3. Trypsin 4. DNFBD. From the analytical results, deduce the primary structure of a peptide isolated from the Atlantian orchid that contains 14 amino acids.Complete hydrolysis produces the following amino acids: Gly (3), Leu (3), Glu (2), Pro, Met, Lys (2), Thr, Phe. Treatment with carboxypeptidase releases glycine. Treatment with DNFB releases DNP- glycine. Treatment with a…The major enzyme that metabolizes caffeine is: о CYP1A2 0 CYP2B6 o CYP3A4 0 CYP2A6 о CYP2C9
- Despite the fact that many peptides have critical physiological functions(e.g., as hormones, neurotransmitters, antibacterial toxins), they are not considered to be ideal as drugs. The following questions illustrate some of the issues that limit the use of peptides as therapeutics.(a) Insulin is a peptide therapeutic used to manage Type 1 diabetes, whichaffects more than 20 million people worldwide according to the International Diabetes Federation. A significant limitation to the broad distribution and use of insulin to treat Type 1 diabetes is the fact that it must be administered by injection rather than orally. Why is insulin administered by injection and not orally?(b) Many of the D-amino acids found in nature have been discovered inbacterially produced peptides that have antibiotic properties. Bacteriasecrete these peptides into their environments to kill competitor bacteriaand thereby gain a selective advantage. Given your answer to part (a) ofthis question, what potential…Under normal physiological conditions, aspartic acid will be favored over aspartate. True FalseActivation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) stimulate protein-protein interactions. True or False
- MAP= CO x TPR / 80 I don't understand the value of TPR how do I get this number?The Graph below shows the binding curves of two proteins (A and B) for the same ligand (L). Use this Graph and determine the dissociation constant, K, for both proteins. Which protein (A or B) has a greater affinity for ligand L? Which of the two proteins would be more easily inhibited by an antagonist? 1.0 Y 0.5 2 A 4 6 B 8 [L] (μM) 10 12 14 1643. Sequentially list the signal transduction process from ligand binding to biological response for the phospholipase C system. You may use the appropriate abbreviations in your list.
