Which statement about transposons is INCORRECT?   a.A transposon is a small fragment of DNA that can move from one location in a chromosome to another location in the same chromosome. b.Transposon insertion into a gene causes a mutation that can be reversed by removal of the transposon. c.Transposon movement often occurs when the cell is under genomic stress. d.In nature, insertion of a transposon can be deliberately added into a harmful gene to enhance survival.

What is the difference between a structural gene and a regulator gene? a. Structural genes are transcribed into mRNA, but regulator genes aren’t. b. Structural genes have complex structures; regulator genes have simple structures. c. Structural genes encode proteins that function in the structure of the cell; regulator genes carry out metabolic reactions. d. Structural genes encode proteins; regulator genes control the transcription of structural genes.

Why are errors in DNA methylation so destructive to cells? a. They cause improper activation or inactivation of DNA segments coding for important genes or micro RNAs. b. They cause improper methylation of proteins. c. They cause improper methylation of mRNA transcripts. d. All of these are possible explanations for methylation error damage..

Which of these is NOT true of nucleosomes?     A. Some post-translational modifications to histone proteins serve as binding sites for transcription factors.       B. The position of nucleosomes is fixed on the genome and can not be changed.       C. The position and post-translational modifications of histones can be inherited through mitosis.       D. The binding between DNA and histone proteins can be disrupted by post-translational modifications.

A scientist is interested in producing flowers with a darker red color. To do this, the scientist alters the promoter of the gene to make it more active. This results in increased transcription and increased red pigments. The scientist then alters the promoter to make it even more active. This results in white flowers with no red pigment. Genetic research showed an increase in the siRNA in the cell. What did the siRNA do to the mRNA?   A. The siRNA caused the mRNA to be broken down.   B. The siRNA caused alternative splicing of the mRNA.   C. The siRNA caused increased methylation of the mRNA.   D. The siRNA caused the ribosome to no longer recognize this mRNA.

What is one function of TFIIH during transcription?    a. Recruiting the TATA-box binding protein to the TATA-box.    b. Terminating transcription via factor-dependent termination.    c. Capping the 5' end of mRNA with 7-methylguanylate.   d. Phosphorylating the CTD of RNA polymerase.

Could a frameshift mutation result in the production of a larger than wild type protein?       A.Yes, but it’s likely only if the frameshift occurs early in the coding sequence.   B.Yes, but it’s likely only if the frameshift occurs late in the coding sequence.   C.Yes, by producing a longer than normal transcript     D.Yes, by producing larger than normal Okazaki fragments.       E.No, frameshift always results in the occurrence of STOP codons and premature termination of translation

Which of the following is true about the enzyme telomerase?   A. It is found only in adult cells.   B. It is responsible for telomere shortening.   C. It can re-establish telomere length.   D. It may speed up the aging process.   E. It is expressed at low levels in cancer cells.

Explain each options

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE for transcription? A. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA, the antisense strand, for RNA synthesis. B. The first ribonucleotide binds to the Pribnow region. C. RNA polymerase moves from 5’ → 3’, while the RNA polymerization is from 3’ → 5’. D. All four ribonucleoside monophosphates are required.