How may B cells be activated? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Crosslinking of BCRS and binding of B-cell co-receptor to C3d. b. Recognition of MHC II and epitope on B-cell with TCR of TFH cell. c. Binding of CR2 to iC3b. d. Binding of B-cell to antigen displayed on FDC.

Dendritic cells take up, process or present antigen by all of the following routes except Select one: a. receptor-mediated endocytosis of bacteria. b. macropinocytosis of bacteria or viruses. c. uptake of viruses using Toll-like receptor TLR9. d. cross-presentation from the MHC class II pathway to the MHC class I pathway. Oe. cross-presentation from incoming infected dendritic cells to healthy resident dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Of. delivery of viral peptides from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum during viral infection.

can ensure that a great diversity of receptors can be generated on the surface of B cells. 單選: A. Rearrangement of B cell receptor genes B. Alternative splicing C. Antibody class switching D. Affinity maturation E. Somatic hypermutation O O O O O

Identify which of the following statements regarding naive T cells is incorrect. a. Naive T cells have the capacity to survive for many years as nondividing circulating cells in the absence of specific antigen. b. Naive T cells express LFA-1 molecules that change their conformation after encountering a specific peptide:MHC complex. c. Naive T cells exit from lymph nodes using the same route as effector T cells. d. Naive T cells express ICAM-3, which binds to DC-SIGN on dendritic cells with high affinity. e. Naive T cells express high levels of S1P receptors on their surface.

In which cells are the enzyme TdT actively functioning? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. immature B cells b. plasma cells c. hematopoietic stem cells d. pro-B cells

Which of the following characteristics is true of large Pre-B cells? Select one: a. They do not express CD19 at the cell surface. b. Rearrangement of light-chain genes commences. c. Nonproductive rearrangement of both heavy-chain loci has already occurred. d. Allelic exclusion of the immunoglobulin light-chain loci has already occurred. u is assembled with VpreB25. e.

a. LFA-1 b. IL-1 receptors c. CXCL-8 d. NFkB e. TLR-4 Which of these deficiency are responsible for the lack of neutrophils at the infection site. May choose multiple, please explain