What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the locations of each TLRS? What are they exactly detecting specifically? How are cellular behavior changing after they detect pathogens via TLRS? How does complement get activated? Please explain three pathways of complement activation and end results of complement activation.

The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing infections established by pathogens that replicate inside host cells. The evolution of T cells has provided a means for the immune response to ‘see’ intracellular infections based on the ability of T cells to: Secrete cytokines that diffuse into the infected tissue Activate type I interferon production by macrophages and dendritic cells Activate macrophages to induce inflammation Recognize pathogen-derived peptides on host MHC surface molecules Express cytoplasmic sensors for detecting pathogen-derived nucleic acids

Complement could be one example of a ?????, one of the three types of defenses employed by the innate immune system.

What is the function of the Helper T cell in both humoral and CMI responses?

Innate Defense Briefly describe the role of each in our innate defense system.. skin inflammation Турe here... Type here... mucous membranes fever Type here... Турe here... phagocytes natural killer cells Type here... Type here...

Johnny has just been infected and needs your help in letting him know how his body is fighting the infection. To do so, describe how the innate and adaptive immune systems work together. You should address the following: 1. define adaptive and innate immunity; 2. Describe the role of natural killer cells (how do they work); 3. what are antigen presenting cells and what is their function, what are MHCs?; 4. describe the role of the complement system; 5. what is the role of interferons?; 6. How do helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B lymphocytes work make sure you address adaptive immunity memory?; 7. Define HIV, which cells do they attack and why do some individuals develop persistent lymphadenopathy (swollen or enlarged lymph nodes)?

What part of defense would likely be affected if the pathogen contained a mutation in it's pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)? the pathogen would secrete greater amounts of toxins. the pathogen might not be recognized by the host. the pathogen would be easily recognized by the host's TLRs. the pathogen would not be able to penetrate the host's physical barriers.

What is the term for a cluster of connected antigens, complement molecules, and antibodies in circulation?