PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

Based on your understanding of the innate immune system list 3 broad categories (and AT LEAST ONE specific example in each category) that constitute the first line of defense mechanisms by the innate immune system. (Give an approximate time line for this type of defense)   If this defense system is breached describe the process that follows (second line of innate defense). Explain how pathogens are detected and dealt with at this time with specific pathogen groups in mind, innate immune cells and molecular components involved. (Give an approximate timeline for this response)   What are the TWO possible outcomes of this response and the way forward?

The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent.  In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?

Somatic cells can display antigen [small peptides] and present them to the body’s immunesystem via their MHC/HLA receptor displays. Discuss the paths for MHC/HLA1 vs. MHC/HLA2display. How do these two paths fit into the health of the body, and the response of theimmune system to normal/disease/infection?

Some individuals with immunodeficiency have mutations in the digesting enzymes of their macrophages. What impact might this have on their immune systems?   Question 8 options:   The adaptive immune response may no longer be activated.   Macrophage will no longer recognize the PAMPs with their TLRs.   Macrophages will not release cytokines upon tissue damage.   MHC receptors will present antigens on the surface of the macrophages.

What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation to innate immunity?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Gram negative bacteria? a- Their cell wall is composed of a large proportion of sugars b- Their cell wall does not absorb the Gram stain and turns pink c- Their cell wall is composed of a small proportion of peptidoglycan d- Two of the above statements are true Which T-lymphocytes activate the B-cell response? 1- suppressor T-cells. 2- cytotoxic T-cells. 3- helper T-cells. 4- memory T-cells. Substances that are injected containing an antigen to stimulate the immune system to respond are called a- antibodies b- medications. c- vaccines d- antibiotics

Complement could be one example of a ?????, one of the three types of defenses employed by the innate immune system.

42. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for C3a and C5b are anaphylatoxins. 43. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement: on C3 and C5 convertases are generated from all complement pathways. 44. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement: While the Clq protein starts the classical pathway, the complement MBL protein starts the pathway. 45. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement MHC-II can present to CD8+ T cells and can be loaded with 13 amino acids 46. Regarding the figure below, choose (a) for tissue rejection or (b) for NO tissue rejection: Recipient haplotype Donor haplotype Host B Host AxB C 244

Rebecca developed measles as a young child. As a teenager, she is re-exposed to the measles virus during an outbreak at her high school. What will most likely prevent Rebecca from experiencing any signs or symptoms of measles? As a result of her childhood exposure, her immune system can perform enhanced inflammatory response. As a result of her childhood exposure, her immune system can perform enhanced phagocytosis of virus-infected host cells. She has memory innate immune cells as a result of her childhood exposure. They would be primed to activate rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same virus during the secondary immune response. She has memory B cells as a result of her childhood exposure. They would be primed to activate rapidly upon subsequent exposure to the same virus during the secondary immune response.