What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation to innate immunity?

Q: What is meant by the term “affinity maturation” and what is its significance in the human immune…

A: The Immune System is made up of many types of cells and chemicals that defend our bodies against…

Q: What does the rapid activation of the innate immunity lead to?

A: Innate immunity can be defined as the nonspecific defense mechanisms that will come into play…

Q: What are immunity and different types of immunity?

A: Immunology is the branch of science which deals with the study of the immune system, immune response…

Q: How do T cells reach the CNS of healthy individuals?

A: Question -  How do T cells reach the CNS of healthy individuals?

Q: link between the innate immunity and adaptive immunity is formed

A: Immunity is the resistance to disease. The two important components of immunity are innate and…

Q: major cause of septic shock is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria in the blood.…

A: Septic shock has high modidity and mortality rate due to its effect on circulation in the body which…

Q: In what ways does innate immunity protect the mammaliandigestive tract?

A: Innate immunity is the natural immunity present in all animals. It is the primary defense mechanism.

Q: Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein

A: The complement system consist of 35 proteins found within the plasma or sure to host cells, forms an…

Q: What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses

A: The human body has immune system to fight the foreign antigen which enters in the the body. If will…

Q: Are there other examples besides immune secretions in which a single substance may act as both an…

A: Immune cells secrete the secretions that protect body from immunity. In body three types of glands…

Q: What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity and what types of microbes do these adaptive immune…

A: Introduction :- Immunity refers to the ability of an organism to resist disease and infections.…

Q: Describe three effector actions of innate immunity.

A: Immunity is defined as the capacity of an organism to resist the attack of foreign pathogens. It is…

Q: What are the first and second signals in activation of a T cell?

A: The T cell which is also referred to as the T lymphocyte is one of the most crucial cells of the…

Q: What are some examples of innate defense mechanisms that are chemical in nature? What is complement?

A: The immune system is complex and is made up of few organs and a broad network of cells and proteins…

Q: Why would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?

A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…

Q: what is the role of leptin n immune tolerance?

A: Leptin is a hormone that helps to regulate our weight. Leptin decreases our need for food and makes…

Q: The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response.  Recent…

A: In the body, there are certain plasma proteins seen, known as complement proteins. They are…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: The mechanism of cross-presentation by dendritic cells is an essential pathway for generating CD8 T…

A: Cross-presentation is the capacity of specific skilled antigen-presenting cellscells to adopt,…

Q: What are effector mechanisms of immunity?

A: The immune system has many types of cells and signaling molecules. The cells of the immune system…

Q: The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three…

A: The complementary system occurs in the cascade of reactions which is a part of the immune system. It…

Q: How do helper and cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to antigens?

A: The body has the innate and adaptive type of immune response. Adaptive immunity is a specific type…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: The complement system of our innate immunity depends on the protein C3. C3 is another name for the…

Q: The PAMP recognized by TLR3 is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA). Against which pathogens would TLR3 be an…

A: Antigens are substances that activate the immune system of the body. Antibodies are antigen-binding…

Q: What major class of immune cells mediates an innate immuneresponse?

A: The innate immune response is the primary mechanism for have protection found in every multicellular…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: 1. The alternative route is activated by Thr hydrolysis of C3 on the cell surface. In opsonization…

Q: In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a…

A: Complement System --- Complement system is a part of immune system known as innate immune system…

Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system.   it…

Q: How does our immune system coordinate to combat pathogens that suppress MHC class I molecule (the…

A: MHC class1 genes expresses MHC 1 glycoproteins or molecules on the surface of all nucleated cell…

Q: What are the differences between innate immunity andadaptive immunity?

A: Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist infections by pathogens/foreign antigens or state…

Q: The PAMP recognized by TLR3 is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA). Against which pathogens would TLR3 be an…

A: Toll-like receptors are proteins that function in the innate immune response. They consist of a…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: Virus infections induce production of interferons that act on infected cells to enhance their…

A: Interferons are a class of cytokines that have the ability to obstruct the replication of viruses by…

Q: Compare and contrast the receptors used by the innate vs. adaptive immune systems to recognize…

A: Solution : Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with which you were born. The…

Q: In what way does the T cell’s membrane receptors differ from the B cell’s membrane receptor? In…

A: B cells and T cells are lymphocytes (white blood cells) , they are made in bone marrows and work to…

Q: Identify some PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs.Which cells express PRRs? How do PRRs associate…

A: PAMPs is the short form for pathogen-associated molecular patterns. PRRs is the short-form for…

Q: In the antibody-mediated immune response, the binding of some antigen-presenting cells to helper T…

A: Plasma cells are the cells with short life span that produce antibodies and they are derived from…

Q: The innate immune response together with antibodies are generally not effective at clearing…

A: T cells are a portion of the immune system that directs on special new elements. Rather than…

Q: What molecules involved in the recognition of Innate and Adaptive Immune System?

A: The innate immune system is the first line of defense in the body's response to infection or injury.…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.