The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection depend on the infectious agent.  In addition to producing distinct innate responses locally at the site of infection, the different cytokines produced during type I, type 2, or type 3 immune responses also induce distinct adaptive immune responses that are tailored to the eradication of the three different classes of pathogens. One example is the production of different classes of antibodies during type I, type 2, or type 3 responses. Which step during the induction of the adaptive immune response is the key to generating and coordinating the three different immune modules?

Q: Adaptive immune responses are slow to develop, taking days to weeks after exposure to reach their…

A: Immunity It is a resistance acquired by a host towards an injury causing microbes or overall ability…

Q: A pairing of MHC and antigene presented on a cell surface is what T immune cells recognize and use…

A: Antigen  An antigen is a foreign objects that stimulates the immune system of affected person.

Q: *Perforins and granzymes secreted by the CD8 T lymphocytes are used for _____. Group of answer…

A: Since you have posted multiple questions we will solve the first question for you. To get the…

Q: Describe the roles that phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and plasma proteins such as complement…

A: The innate immune response is the primary defense present in all multicellular organisms. This…

Q: List specific reasons why the inflammatoryresponse is considered a body defense mechanism.

A: Red blood cells also claimed as erythrocytes, white blood cells also dignified as leukocytes, and…

Q: Transfer of immunoglobulins from mother to child during breastfeeding can protect the child from…

A: Answer Naturally acquired passive immunity

Q: What is the predicted outcome if a patient receives an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant from…

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: An important aspect of the immune system is the physical separation of the blood lymphatics,…

A: Blood:-  It is a transport medium that transports oxygen and nutrients to each and every tissue of…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…

A: Introduction: The proteins that are produced in response to an antigen are called antibodies. It is…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which…

A: The complement system is also known as complement cascade. It is a part of the immune system that…

Q: The difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity is that     adaptive immunity attacks…

A: Immunity  Immunity is the defence mechanism of organisms body system. It protect the body from…

Q: Compare and contrast tissues, cells, molecules and secretions of the Innate Defenses with those…

A: 1.Natural or innate immunity  It is a non specific and is considered as the first line of defence…

Q: Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. Include three similarities in terms of cell…

A: Answer.  Three similarities between innate and adaptive immune system are given in the following…

Q: When referring to immunity, what does the term innate imply? Group of answer choices the mechanism…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: Many human epithelial cells produce sticky mucus. Which of the following statements best describes…

A: Non specific adaptive immunity is the defense mechanism which our body holds against the pathogens…

Q: Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the…

A: Introduction  Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and…

Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…

Q: your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: The humoral immunity is referred to as immunity from the antibody. B cells can differentiate into…

Q: Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not alwayseffective at removing pathogens from the body

A: Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and…

Q: Acquired or adaptive immunity can be divided in to Natural Active, Natural Passive, Artificial…

A: Introduction: Adaptive immunity, also known as protective immunity, is the third line of defense…

Q: During resistance exercise, three factors support muscle hypertrophy they include the following with…

A: Resistance exercises involve training to improve muscle strength by making muscles work against an…

Q: principle components and functions of innate and adaptive (

A:

Q: Discuss three mechanism by which antibody mediate the destruction of pathogen.

A: Antibody An antibody(Ab) is a large protein molecules. The structure of antibody molecule is Y…

Q: Immature B cells can drive strong adaptive immune responses by maturing into _______. Group of…

A: There is some information about B cells ; B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune…

Q: The body’s immune response comprises innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Virulence is the…

A: The ability of a pathogen or microbe to harm a host is referred to as virulence. In most cases,…

Q: Adaptive immunity includes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which interact but also…

A: The white blood cells (WBC) in our body are responsible for giving immunological protection.…

Q: Immunity can be acquired in an active or passive way, and it can be natural or artificial. For this…

A: Immunity in simple terms refers to the ability of the body to fight external harmful pathogens or…

Q: Which of the following is part of the second line of defense? a. Interferons b. Phagocytes c.…

A: The immune system shows immune response in three stages the first line of defence includes the…

Q: Neutrophils, dendrites, and macrophages are all second line defense cells that are capable of _____.…

A: The immunology is a branch of science that deals and studies the immune system of the body. The…

Q: Microbial recognition and tissue damage initiate an inflammatory response.  True/False

A: The body is protected from the invasion of foreign antigen by several layers of immune defense…

Q: role of the innate immune system in initiating the acquired immune response.

A: Innate and acquired immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to fight diseases. Innate immunity…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.  Which of the following examples below…

A: An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system erroneously attacks your body. The…

Q: Name two ways in which the presence of antibodies enhances phagocytosis.

A: Antibodies are immune proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and identify and kill foreign…

Q: Why is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific? Group of answer choices because it provides…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a…

A: Complement System --- Complement system is a part of immune system known as innate immune system…

Q: Which of the following is not an example of innate immunity? Histamine release by mast cells…

A: Innate immunity can be described as the non specific immunity or the defense mechanism with which…

Q: The correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has…

A: Immune system is categorized into two types. They are innate and adaptive immunity. Innate  immunity…

Q: the hallmark of the innate immune response as it is not specific and has no memory to treat…

A: Innate Immune response is a native or natural immunity, which is present from birth and acts…

Q: Based on your understanding of the innate immune system list 3 broad categories (and AT LEAST ONE…

A: The immune system protects the body against pathogens and cancer cells. Immunity can be divided into…

Q: Pathogens have evolved a number of ways to "thwart" adaptive immunity. Describe two mechanisms used…

A: Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is defined as immunity that is developed due to an encounter…

Q: What is the difference between non-specific and specific defenses? Contrast the two methods of…

A: The Immune system is responsible for protection from evading and foreign substances. This protection…

Q: Part of the complement system of defense is opsonization. This process  Group of answer choices…

A: Opsonization can be defined as a molecular mechanism that aims to identify invading particles with…

Q: The dead outer surface of skin (not mucous membranes) uses which of the following innate defenses to…

A: Skin Barrier One of the most important physical barriers is the skin barrier, which is composed of 3…

Q: What is innate immunity? List the four types of barriers which protect the body from the entry of…

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to resist the pathogenic damage caused by another…

Q: Once the antigen presenting cell delivers the message about the identity of the specific pathogen to…

A: In vertebrates, the innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of two major immunity systems (the…

Q: Explain the difference between basic T cells and B cells as they relate to a vaccine. Additionally,…

A: Lymphocytes are the major components of the human immune system. T cells and B cells are the two…

Q: Which of the following does not describe the outcome of complement activation? a. chemotaxis b.…

A: The complement system is a cascade that is a part of the immune system. The complement system…

Q: Discuss the differences between humoral and cell mediated immunity in terms of chemicals and cells…

A:

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.