Which of the following is true about the innate immune system? Check all that apply Phagocytosis is an adaptive immunity component required for elimination of microbes Innate immune cells are macrophages and dendritic cells that engulf pathogens but also present antigen to T lymphocytes Innate immunity improves with repeated infections Neutrophils are the abundant innate immune cells circulating in blood Innate immune system provides protection immediately after infection in a non-specific manner

Based on this figure which specific immune response could be measured to determine whether someone had been infected with Sar-Co-V2 six weeks after they were sick, but had recovered from infection?

Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound complement proteins.  Even when the complement cascade fails to proceed beyond generating the C3 convertase, complement activation is effective at inducing pathogen uptake and destruction. This process of immune protection is mediated by: Activation of complement inhibitory receptors on phagocytes that promote pathogen uptake Activation of soluble proteases in the serum that disrupt pathogen membranes Engagement of complement receptors on phagocytes by C3b and its cleavage products which promotes phagocytosis Engagement of complement receptors on B cells that promotes antibody production Stimulation of antimicrobial peptide secretion by phagocytes

Some immune system cells like B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes must first be "trained" in either the bone marrow or thymus because they can do their jobs. Which of the following best describes the purpose of this "training" during their maturation?   to selectively remove any lymphocytes that show immunity against our own cells and our own antigens in our body   to expose these cells to all of the potential pathogens and their antigens they may encounter in the future   to activate them so that they differentiate into plasma and memory cells and begin producing antibodies   to make sure that each lymphocyte is capable of recognizing a large number of different pathogen antigens   to initiate a secondary and stronger immune response after encountering an invading pathogen

Which of the following is true about the immune system? Check all that apoply. Rejecting  organs or bone marrow transplantation is the normal function of the immune system Overreaction of the immune system to cause allergy or causing autoimmune diseases is normal function of the immune system Immune system discriminates between self and non-self Immune system eliminates infectious agents but not cancer from the human body Eliminating infectious agents and cancer are the normal functions of the immune system

The development of primary and secondary immune responses to an antigen differs significantly. The primary response may take a week or more to develop fully and establish memory. The secondary response is rapid and relies on the activation of clones of memory cells. Would it not be better if clones of reactive cells were maintained regardless of prior exposure? In this way, the body could always respond rapidly to any antigen exposure. Would there be any disadvantages to this approach? Why?

Acquired or adaptive immunity can be divided in to Natural Active, Natural Passive, Artificial Active, and Artificial Passive Immunity. Which types will lead to long lasting immune protection? Which will provide short term protection?

The shingles vaccine introduces killed virions with antigen intact, into the body of a person who is not sick with it at the time. The person does not get sick but still gains long term immunity. What type of immunity is this?     artificial passive     natural passive     artificial active     artificial passive

What is meant by “adaptive immunity”? A vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity? Explain how this works. Please describe this in much detail please

Which one of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system? Group of answer choices   1. a targeted response to a specific pathogen or molecule that confers immunological memory.   2. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens   3. a set of barrier defenses that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure   4. a generalized set of defenses against a variety of pathogens that lacks immunological memory.