These red blood cells (black arrows) indicated which of the following components of B cell activation Choose one from the following:   (A) neutralization (B) opsonization (C) agglutination (D) cell lysis

Q: Immature B-cells express only IgM on its membrane, and if it encounters antigen the IgM will be…

A: Switch Recombination:- It is a process in immune system where B-cells changes the class of…

Q: A congenital defect mutates the genes that code for RAG1 & RAG2 making them unreadable (therefore no…

A:

Q: (b) Describe the role of invariant chain, CLIP, HLA-DM in the antigen presentation process.

A: MHC Class II molecules are a class of large molecules of histocompatibility complex (MHC) usually…

Q: The current estimate is that mammalian B cells are capable of producing 1,010 different…

A: Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains out of which two are heavy chains and two…

Q: In which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that…

A: The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells or T lymphocytes.

Q: On phagocytes and other cells, (?????) are receptors classified as part of the innate immune system…

A: The defense mechanism you were born with is called innate immunity, or nonspecific immunity. It…

Q: To become a fully activated, antibody-secreting cell, B cellsusually need:(a) To encounter an…

A: Differentiation of B cells is important for the completion of the adaptive immune response. It is…

Q: Name two elements of the cytoskeleton that are involved in lymphocyte diapedesis, and indicate the…

A: Diapedesis: The movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue…

Q: the role of immunoglobulins in immune system defense [think here how antibodies are used - e.g.,…

A: Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by B cells in response to the…

Q: explain why the natural killer cell in innate immunity don't attack our red blood cells?

A: Natural killer also called as NK cells are a kind of lymphocyte which plays a key role in innate…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: Using the letters from column B, match the cell description in column A. (Note that all require more…

A: Different immune cells are involved in mediating protection to the host against the pathogen. There…

Q: Injections into the heel of a girl (whose blisters were licked by a rabies-infected kitten) to…

A: Our body has own system to fight against pathogen. There are different barriers such as physical…

Q: it states that IgA deficiencies are the most common, affecting 1 in 400 people, and I was wondering…

A: The immune system produces an antibody class known as IgA or immunoglobulin A. It is essential for…

Q: Explain the mechanism by which (A) macrophages and NK cells, and (B) macrophages and effector T…

A: Macrophages are the specialized cells that are involved in the process of detection, phagocytosis,…

Q: B cells and dendritic cells are both capable of antigen presentation via MHC molecules. What are the…

A: Major histocompatibility complex molecules are the surface proteins that help in identifying self…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: If a B cell receptor does not pass selection, is it better to be self-reactive against a…

A: In the primary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen, the selection is positive and…

Q: Past paper

A: (a) A complicated interaction of multiple immunological variables causes the concurrent rise in…

Q: Overcoming the carrier effect demonstrate which of the following immunological concepts:   A.…

A: The carrier effect is the finding that a secondary response to the hapten requires challenging the…

Q: What components of the immune system are involved in the immune response against tumor/cancer cells?…

A: Introduction: Immunity is referred to as the resistance offered by the host against the pathogen or…

Q: 1- B cell clones undergo somatic hypermutation in which structure? Group of answer choices A) Thymic…

A: Progenitor cells are types of stem cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types.…

Q: ne the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: X-linked Agammaglobulinaemia.…

A: X linked disorder is a disorder in which mutation occurs in X chromosome.  Agammaglobulinaemia means…

Q: Patients with DiGeorge syndrome may fail to produce IgG in response to immunization with T-dependent…

A: Introduction:- DiGeorge Syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterised by aberrant…

Q: Why are only very small amounts of antigen injected?

A: Antigens are any foreign substances which evoke immune response in our body as they enters the body.…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: explain why that secondary response can be faster than a primary response.

A:

Q: Antibodies have two identical antigen-binding sites. Remarkably, antibodies to the extracellular…

A: Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules. These bind like a lock and key to the foreign pathogen. The…

Q: The innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders.  Explain two ways that the…

A: Step 1 The innate immune system is a natural genotype-based system of defense elements with which an…

Q: Immature B cells arriving in the spleen turn over rapidly and require cytokines and positive signals…

A: Immature B cells are progenitors to B cells, which play an important role in preventing…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A: X-linked agammaglobulinemia  also called XLA - is an inherited (genetic) immune system disorder that…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: The complement system of our innate immunity depends on the protein C3. C3 is another name for the…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: T cells in the thymus are determined to be T helper cells or T killer cells while undergoing…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: Immune system of humans     a) Secreted B cell receptors can function as opsonins.   b) MHC class II…

A: The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend…

Q: Complexes of IgG bound to soluble multivalent antigens can activate the classical pathway on the…

A: Introduction :- One of three mechanisms that activate the complement system, a component of the…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: Inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes down-regulate immune responses by recruiting protein or lipid…

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are part of adaptive immunity, which is antigen-specific and…

Q: In the cell-mediated immune response, there are three types of T cells produced. What are they, and…

A: Cell-mediated immunity is a branch of acquired immunity, aims to eliminate the antigen. It is…

Q: Briefly describe the effector functions and mediators of the following CD4 T lymphocyte subsets.…

A: When B cell presenting antigen through MHC class II molecule, TH Cell recognise it. T helper cell…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: 1. The alternative route is activated by Thr hydrolysis of C3 on the cell surface. In opsonization…

Q: In general, what are consequences of activation of the TH1 arm of the immune response? Activation of…

A: Cell mediated immunity and allergic responses are biological effects that are mediated by cytokines.…

Q: In studies of skin grafts, thymectomized mice (their thymus has been removed) are often used

A: Humoral immunity is also known as antibody mediated immunity. The B cells undergo differentiation to…