These red blood cells (black arrows) indicated which of the following components of B cell activation Choose one from the following:   (A) neutralization (B) opsonization (C) agglutination (D) cell lysis

Somatic cells can display antigen [small peptides] and present them to the body’s immunesystem via their MHC/HLA receptor displays. Discuss the paths for MHC/HLA1 vs. MHC/HLA2display. How do these two paths fit into the health of the body, and the response of theimmune system to normal/disease/infection?

Three effects of complement activation: (1) inflammation (2) opsonization (3) cytolysis of pathogens. Describe the three effects in at least one complete sentence for each. You should clearly explain *how* complement activation results in the three different effects.

In which cells are the enzyme TdT actively functioning? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. immature B cells b. plasma cells c. hematopoietic stem cells d. pro-B cells

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. effector memory γ:δ T cells; CD45RA b. splenic γ:δ T cells; Vδ1 c. naive γ:δ T cells; CD27 d. isopentyl pyrophosphate; self phosphoantigen e. hydroxyl-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate; BTN3A1 f. glucose monomycolate; Mycobacterium phlei.

Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.  Which statement is true about T cells? a. They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells b. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. c. Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. d. They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. plasma cell: mediation of phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms in the plasma b. megakaryocyte: formation of platelets c. dendritic cell: activation of adaptive immune responses d. natural killer cell: develops from a common lymphoid progenitor e. neutrophil: formation of pus f. regulatory T cell: inhibition of T-cell activity.

Addition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for hemoglobin to a solution of hemoglobin results in the formation of a red precipitate. In contrast, addition of the Fab fragments from this antibody to hemoglobin results in no such precipitate. What could explain this difference in results? Treatment with papain produces Fab fragments with different antigen specificity than the original IgG molecule. IgG can simultaneously bind two different antigens, whereas an Fab fragment can only bind one antigen at a time. The Fab fragments preferentially bind to other Fab fragments rather than to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule antibody-binding sites can bind IgG molecules, but cannot bind Fab fragments.

¹C2²2S + E Sk3,0 where S is a T-cell of a particular variety, E is the corresponding (free, i.e. unbound) antigen, and C is a complex consisting of a T-cell bound to an antigen. Ø indicates the loss of T-cells due to decay as described above. 1. Let s, c and e be the concentration of S, C and E, respectively, in the body at time t. Assume that the background exposure to the disease results in a constant concentration eo of the antigen (free or bound) in the body. (b) (c) Consider the T-cell system. Assuming mass action kinetics, write down a system of ODEs for Show that ds dt S + E and k-1 where KM dc dt Show (include your working) that the 2D system of ODEs has two equilibria: (s*,c*) = (0,0) == : -k₁(eo — c)s + k_1c +2k₂c - k3s k-1+k2 k₁ (s*, c*) = ( k₂e0 k3 and KM, eo k2 dt' dt and KM = k₁(eo - c)s - k_1c - k₂c.

The lymphatic tissues/organs illustrated below contain which of the following types of cells? 1.  reticular cells 2.  macrophages 3.  B lymphocytes 4.  T lymphocytes Choose from the following: (A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1, 2, and 4 (C) 2, 3, and 4 (D) 1, 3, and 4 (E) 1, 2, 3, and 4