Polysaccharide antigen with multiple repeating subunits B-cell receptors YY} FIGURE 15.16 T-Independent Antigens Antigens such as some polysaccharides have multiple repeating epitopes. Because of the arrangement of epitopes, clusters of B-cell receptors bind to the antigen simultaneously, leading to B-cell activation without the involvement of TH cells. (YY

Q: How can an extracellular bacterium be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the…

A: T cells (also called T lymphocytes) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system.…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…

A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…

Q: What is the difference between a primary antibody and a secondary antibody?

A: An immunoglobulin or antibody can be defined as the glycoproteins sythesized by immune system is…

Q: What are the mechanisms used by B cells to generate antibody diversity?

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced in response to an antigenic stimulation. They mai either…

Q: How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Contrast the specific functions of helper T cells, suppressorT cells, and cytotoxic T cells.

A: Human body has an extremely well developed immune system for the protection against pathogens. Human…

Q: w antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens,

A: Thymus-dependent antigens are two categories of antigens that must come into contact with T-helper…

Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…

A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…

Q: How does the thymus help the body avoid autoimmune responses? (A) By negatively selecting T cells…

A: The immune system is a complicated network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to…

Q: Which type of T-cells attack and destroy infected cells

A: Lymphocytes or white blood cell (WBC) includes macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and…

Q: how does the body differentiate between self and non-self antigens?

A: Immune systems protects a person from foreign antigens or dangerous invaders such as microbes,…

Q: What are the functions of CD4 and CD8 proteins on the surface of T cells?

A: T cells are the lymphocytes mainly responsible for the cell-mediated immune response of adaptive…

Q: Compare and contrast the response to T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.

A: Those antigens that evoked the production of the plasma and memory B cells are known as T dependent…

Q: Put the following steps in order for cell-mediated immunereactions:(a) Differentiated T cells…

A: Cell-mediated immune response can be defined as the immune response generated by the cells such as…

Q: What is the difference between a T-cell-dependent and T-cell- independent response?

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Which event happens last in a humoral immune response? 1) CD4 T cell activation 2) presentation of…

A: The correct option is (d) the production of antibodies.

Q: Explain why the B cells response is described as “humoral”, but the T cell’s response is described…

A: Both B cells and T cells are lymphocytes that are gotten from explicit sorts of foundational…

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of memory B cells a.) Secretion of a large amount of…

A: Memory B cells are a type of long-lived immune cell that develop after an initial exposure to an…

Q: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skina) are characterized by a wheal and flare…

A: An individual exhibits the potential to withstand a particular toxin or infection called immunity.…

Q: describe the process of antigen presentation and T cellactivation;

A: The specific cells of the immune system are called immune cells. The different types of immune cells…

Q: How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cells bearing foreign antigens?

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: What are some examples of innate defense mechanisms that are chemical in nature? What is complement?

A: The immune system is complex and is made up of few organs and a broad network of cells and proteins…

Q: What problems would arise if a person had a hereditary deficiency that resulted in an inability to…

A: Malnutrition is the key component which cause immunodeficiency. It occur when one or more…

Q: Howdo positive selection and negative selection contribute to thedevelopment of tolerance in T…

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of pathogens or external…

Q: What is the function of an antigen-presenting cell?

A: Antigen presenting cells are some type of heterogeneous group of immune cells which mediate the…

Q: How do helper and cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to antigens?

A: The body has the innate and adaptive type of immune response. Adaptive immunity is a specific type…

Q: Why are Helper T cells only responsive to antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A: Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for…

Q: How are memory B cells important as it relates to the long term immune response?

A: Immune system protect our body from various pathogen there are cell-mediated and humoral…

Q: How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?

A: Immunity is defined as the capacity of an organism to resist the attack of foreign pathogens. It is…

Q: The correct order of words to describe how innate immune response responds to a pathogen that has…

A: Immune system is categorized into two types. They are innate and adaptive immunity. Innate  immunity…

Q: What are the differences in the types of antigens recognized by antibodies and T cell receptors?

A: Antigens are foreign molecules that aid in the trigger of specific immune responses. They activate…

Q: How is a cytotoxic T cell like a natural killer (NK) cell?How are they different?

A: The immune system of the body protects the body from foreign invaders. It protects the body from any…

Q: Would the primary response or the secondary response be more affected by a lack of memory B cells…

A: Introduction: B-cells are the bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that take part in antibody-mediated or…

Q: Name three types of T cells.

A: T cells are defined as the T lymphocytes that are a crucial part of the immune system in the human…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.