Polysaccharide antigen with multiple repeating subunits B-cell receptors YY} FIGURE 15.16 T-Independent Antigens Antigens such as some polysaccharides have multiple repeating epitopes. Because of the arrangement of epitopes, clusters of B-cell receptors bind to the antigen simultaneously, leading to B-cell activation without the involvement of TH cells. (YY

Q: Cells from mouse spleen were fixed and stain with CD4, which is found on T cells. Are the lighter…

A: In this scenario, cells from a mouse spleen are stained with an antibody targeting CD4, a protein…

Q: What is the difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies? What was the first primary…

A: Immune disorders are conditions that affect the immune system's ability to function properly. These…

Q: What activates a Helper T-cell?

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: How can an extracellular bacterium be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the…

A: T cells (also called T lymphocytes) are one of the major components of the adaptive immune system.…

Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…

A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…

Q: What does the rapid activation of the innate immunity lead to?

A: Innate immunity can be defined as the nonspecific defense mechanisms that will come into play…

Q: What is the response that the humoral immunity arm of the adaptive immunity will mount to try to…

A: The immune system protects our body from harmful substances and cellular changes which can make a…

Q: How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Contrast the specific functions of helper T cells, suppressorT cells, and cytotoxic T cells.

A: Human body has an extremely well developed immune system for the protection against pathogens. Human…

Q: w antibodies are formed in T-independent antigens,

A: Thymus-dependent antigens are two categories of antigens that must come into contact with T-helper…

Q: In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by…

A: Lymphocytes are the types of WBC (white blood cells) that are located in the immune system of the…

Q: In the absence of thymus, where does the maturation of t cells occur ?

A: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are two important immune cells that take part in acquired immunity…

Q: Although a virus is very virulent now, it will eventually evolve to become much less virulent.…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism that contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Q: Outline the process of B-cell activation against a T-dependent antigen.

A: B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the small lymphocyte…

Q: Explain the two processes by which B-cells are activated to inactivate an antigen?

A: B cells are activated mainly by either of the two processes -  PROCESS 1-  B cells are activated…

Q: Describe the primary functions of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A: The immune system is responsible for clearing any infectious particle from the body by the…

Q: mechanisms of Complement System activation

A: Complement system are part of innate immunity system. These protect our cells and tissues against…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)? A) Each ILC type responds to a…

A: Innate lymphoid cells are immune cells that mirror the phenotype and function of T cells. It…

Q: Which type of T-cells attack and destroy infected cells

A: Lymphocytes or white blood cell (WBC) includes macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and…

Q: List the subclasses of T-helper cells and state the type(s) of the pathogen(s) targeted by each?

A: T lymphocytes or T-cells are the vital players of the adaptive immune response. They are derived…

Q: What are the functions of CD4 and CD8 proteins on the surface of T cells?

A: T cells are the lymphocytes mainly responsible for the cell-mediated immune response of adaptive…

Q: Describe some ways in which cytotoxic T cells destroytarget cells.

A: Answer- There are many different types of the T- lymphocytes. One of them is Cytotoxic T cells. They…

Q: Compare and contrast the response to T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.

A: Those antigens that evoked the production of the plasma and memory B cells are known as T dependent…

Q: What is the difference between a T-cell-dependent and T-cell- independent response?

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: How might antibodies be used to activate B cells?

A: B cells also known as B lymphocytes are type of white blood cells and functions in humoral immunity…

Q: Describe how antigen-presenting cells stimulate an increasein the number of helper T cells. Why is…

A: Helper T cell, also called CD4+ cell, T helper cell, or helper T lymphocyte, type of white blood…

Q: How does T cell activation differ from B cellactivation?

A: T cells and B cells (or T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes) are white blood cells involved in defending…

Q: A person with AIDS will probably:(a) Not make antibody(b) Make a response to T-dependent antigens(c)…

A: AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. It is a viral disease caused by Human Immuno…

Q: What is the activation signal for NK cells? How doesthis differ from the activity of T-cytotoxic…

A: Introduction: Natural killer cells are lymphocytes of the same family as T and B cells. They are…

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of memory B cells a.) Secretion of a large amount of…

A: Memory B cells are a type of long-lived immune cell that develop after an initial exposure to an…

Q: How does adaptive immunity differ from nonspecific defense?

A: Immunity can be described as a complicated biological system that can identify and tolerate the self…

Q: describe the process of antigen presentation and T cellactivation;

A: The specific cells of the immune system are called immune cells. The different types of immune cells…

Q: Do T cells bear a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen?

A: Blood is a part of connective tissue. It has two components. These are cellular and plasma…

Q: Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It forms memory in…

A: activated T cells become plasma cells

Q: Why are helper T cells sometimes called CD4 or T4 cells?Why are cytotoxic T cells sometimes called…

A: T cells are classified into three types :  T- helper cells cytotoxic T cells regulatory T cells T…

Q: How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cells bearing foreign antigens?

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.