The “spikes” in the COVID-19 virus are protein complexes. How important are these spikes in virus infection and its variants?
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The “spikes” in the COVID-19 virus are protein complexes. How important are these spikes in virus infection and its variants?
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- List three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza. For one of these differences, explain how the STRUCTURE is key to the FUNCTION of the virus.Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.How many protein subunits would be present in a complex icosahedral virus particle with a triangulation (T) number of 8?
- Can you please pick the right answer in each parentheses? The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a carbohydrate-modified protein that ["bind the RNA genome of the virus", "", "is on the surface of the viral particle", ""] and plays a role in both ["replication of the viral genome", "recognition of host cell"] and ["packaging of viral genome for export", "fusion of viral envelope with host cell plasma membrane"] . Importantly, earlier work on spike proteins from other corona viruses showed that this molecule ["remarkable resistance to immune response", "shows remarkable conformational changes"] and only one of these served as a good antigen for vaccine development. A critical discovery in advancing the development of our current vaccines was determining what changes in the amino acid sequence would ["block degradation of the spike protein", "stabilize the conformation of the protein found on the viral particle"]. This…Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific molecules on the surface of each virus that directly interacts with the respective cellular receptor molecule? What is/are the specific molecules on the surface of the respective target cells that serve as the cellular receptors for these viruses respectively?Given that BOVID-12 seems to have a significant affect on brain organoid size you decide to take iPSCs and differentiate them into neurons. The iPSCs mature into early neural progenitor cells (Early NPCs), then late neural progenitor cells (Late NPCs), and then neurons. You take each of these four cell types and infect them with the BOVID-12 virus. The results are shown below: Early NPCs Late NPCs Cell viability relative to mock infection iPSCs → IPS cells Neurons Late NPCs 120% 100%- 80%- 60%- 40%- 20%- 0%- 0.1 1 Amount of virus Which cell type(s) are unaffected by the virus? Both Early and Late NPCs wwwwwww.. iPSCs and Neurons Early NPCs Neurons 10
- Research has found that 95% of the particles smaller or equal to the size of the COVID-19 virus will not penetrate through a mask. Based on molecular characteristics of surface molecules of the virus, why might this be?One of the key biological characteristics of SARS-COV-2, as well as several other viruses, is the presence of spike proteins that allow these viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection. With your knowledge about proteins, which best explain how denaturating agents such as alcohol, and detergents become effective in battling against SARS-CoV 2? O Denaturating agents were able to destroy the spike protein by detaching it to the virus, losing its ability to infect host. Denaturating agents were able to kill the viruses such as SARS-COV-2, therefore, they will no longer able to infect the host Denaturating agents were able to hydrolyze the spike protein to produce free amino acids, therefore, the function of the protein is now lost. Denaturating agents were able to disrupt the native structure of the spike protein, losing its ability to infect host.Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses? b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below) Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.
- After a positive strand RNA virus ( Such as Coronaviruses) enters the host cell, the RNA is translated by ribosomes to create proteins associated with the virus (Such as, for example, the surface antigens like E and Spike proteins). How then, would the genetic material itself be replicated to be incorporated into the new viruses?.Is the Degradation of Xrn1 in poliovirus-infected cells an example of virus-encoded molecules modifying signal transduction pathways to promote replication?The RNA genomes of some RNA viruses resemble the messenger RNA (mRNA) of their eukaryotic hosts. What advantage would an RNA virus gain by having this type of genome?