Why are nucleobases in nucleic acids called "bases"?   1. Because they resemble baseball bases   2. They are fundamental to "hodling up" the DNA structure (like the base of a building holds up the rest of the building)   3. They are the "command center" of the cell. Like the "base" of operations for armed forces in a war.   4. They are hydrogen ion acceptors, like other chemical bases

Please use the following table to compare DNA, RNA and proten in terms of structures and functions.

Using your own words and including the phrases “5’ to 3’” and “3’ to 5’” explain how a double helix of DNA is antiparallel.

7. What are the 4 nitrogen bases? 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. What is their purpose? Why does their order matter? Answer in complete sentences. How does this structure allow a DNA molecule to be copied to make another identical molecule? The answer to this question is that the nitrogen bases interact with one another in predictable ways. Pairing between nitrogen bases on opposite strands is always the same. Notice that the pairing that takes place between nitrogen bases is specific in DNA strands. Adenine, a large base, bonds with thymine, a small base. Guanine, a large base, bonds with cytosine, a small base. This specific bonding pattern that happens between the nucleotides is called complementary base pairing. 9. How do the bases pair? How are A and G similar? How are T and C similar?

#7,10,17

8. What is happening to the DNA molecule in the figure? Also, discuss the types and functions of enzyme participating in this step.

Which of the following are differences between DNA and RNA molecules? a) DNA has the nitrogenous bases: A, T, C, G and RNA has the nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G b) DNA molecules are held together by covalent bonds between the 5 carbon sugar and the phosphate groups; RNA molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds c) DNA's 5 carbon sugar is deoxyribose and RNA's 5 carbon sugar is ribose d) DNA is a double-stranded helix; RNA is one strand

Name 3 differences between RNA and DNA.

3. On the diagram below... Using green dashed lines, draw in the hydrogen bonds on the right figure. Using the same color, circle the location of the H-bonds on the left figure. - Using a red pen, circle where the molecules have a negative charge on the right figure. Using the same color, color the area with the negative charge in the left figure. - Is this DNA or RNA? Explain two ways that you know. Clearly label the 5' and 3' ends so that you know which is which! This skill is VERY important. C A A CO G >0.34 nm 3.4 nm HO- HO-P-O O=PIO O=D HO-P-O OH H H O O N- N N N N H H N-H N N H-N H-N H Z-H N FN N 5-1=0 OH O-P-OH O O O-P-OH O -OH

Why do we not need to add SDS to RNA or DNA but we do need to add SDS to proteins? a Proteins don’t all have the same shape and charge. b DNA and RNA have differing shapes and charge distributions. c RNA is a single stranded molecule just like proteins. d Proteins are less complex than DNA or RNA.