Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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The process of cellular reproduction or divisions is a heavily regulated process for a number of different reasons. In the case of the eukaryotic cell there are a number of different checkpoints that a cell must pass before it can continue on. Please explain what those checkpoints are looking for and where those checkpoints are in the cell cycle. If a cell doesn’t pass any of these checkpoints what happens to those cells?
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Cell cycle checkpoints can be defined as the control mechanisms present in the eukaryotic cell cycle that ensures the proper progression of the cell cycle. The checkpoints serve as potential termination points, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed.
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- During cell division cycle, cells need to monitor the process of DNA replication and segregation of replicated DNA so that these processes are error-free. Some potential errors that could occur include incomplete DNA replication, DNA damage in genome, and uneven separation of replicated genome. These mechanisms that cells used to monitor these processes are referred as the "cell cycle checkpoint, which can control specific Cdk activity to regulate the progression of cell cycle. For the following checkpoint mechanisms, indicate which Cdk activity is attenuated? Also indicate one of the key proteins or protein complexes involved in the following checkpoints. a) DNA damage checkpoint during S-phase b) Mitotic checkpoint during M-phasearrow_forwardp53 gene, as is the Rb gene, is a tumor suppressor gene. p53 protein binds to DNA leading to the simulation of p21 that work together with cdk2. When p21 is defective and cannot joined to cdk2 the cell cannot pass through to the next stage of cell division. Mutated p53 cannot bind to DNA in an effective way, and therefore the p21 protein is not available to act as the 'stop signal' for cell division. Thus cells divide uncontrollably, and form tumors. Hi, can you please elaborate on this: based on the info above, what is the relationship between genetics and environment in the development of these type of cancer. Which factor (genetics or environment) is playing a larger role in the generation of these types of cancers?arrow_forwardWhen considering the stages of the cell cycle, which stage is best associated with cells that do not divide, such as nerve cells? G1 phase M phase O None - all cells divide S phase G2 phase GO phase Pickles are often preserved in a 20-30% salt solution called brine. How does brine prevent contamination by microorganisms? Bacteria can't survive in hypotonic solutions because of the added pressure of the water they take in causing them to burst. O Bacteria can't survive in a hypertonic solution because they lose too much water and die. O The high salt concentration increases the pH of the environment, making it unfavorable for bacteria to live there. The high salt concentration creates an isotonic environment that the bacteria cannot live in. Bacteria cells are unable to digest the salt, thus killing the cells by starvation.arrow_forward
- One approach to studying the regulation of cell cycle progression (particularly in an era when genetic and molecular biology manipulations were less readily accomplished in mammalian cells) was to use treatments that induced cells to fuse and then monitor the behavior of the two nuclei in the resulting cell. The figure below depicts data from one such study. The investigators did preliminary work to produce populations of cells that were synchronized in various stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, or G2 in the examples shown below). They then fused the cells in different combinations and monitored subsequent events in each of the nuclei. For purposes of this question, we will pay particular attention to what occurred in the nucleus that came from the cell in G1. In one experiment (I), cells in the G1 and S phases were fused. That event caused the nucleus from the G1 cell to very quickly enter the S phase (sooner than it would otherwise have done so). In contrast, in a second experiment…arrow_forwardDuring the cell cycle there are three checkpoints. Match each description with the correct checkpoint. Requires growth signals and checks there are no mutation in the DNA Checks that DNA is properly replicated and that all the organelles and proteins needed for division are present Ensures that all the chromosomes are lined up and accounted for A. G1/S B. S/G2 C. G2/M D. Metaphase/Anaphase E. Anaphase/Telophasearrow_forwardWhat celluar events/processes are associated with G1,S,G2,and M phases of the cell cycle? With the phases of mitosis? Some example: A. DNA replication B. Beginning of mitosis C. Normal cell growth and function D. Breaksdown of nuclear membrane E.Separation of sister chromatids F.Alignment of chromosomes on the equator of the cell H.Triggering the compaction and condensation of chromosomes I. Attachment of microtubles to kinetochoresarrow_forward
- A cell can normally halt its progression through the cell cycle at different checkpoints. Which of the following best predicts a reason for a cell to halt its progression through the cell cycle between the G1 and the S phases? A B incorrect attachment of spindle fibers to sister chromatids с insufficient accumulation of nucleotides D mitosis-facilitating enzymes have not been synthesized errors in DNA replication during G1arrow_forwardWhich of the following need to be expressed to get past the G1 checkpoint and why? Select one: a. All the answers are correct and needed to progress the cell past the G1 checkpoint by expressing the enzymes necessary for DNA replication. Once these proteins are all expressed, the cell has moved past G1 into S phase. b. Primase because this enzyme is needed for DNA replication moving the cell from G1 to S. c. Cyclins because the accumulation of specific cyclins will turn on CDKs needed to turn on gene expression for proteins involved in DNA replication, moving the cell from G1 to S. d. DNA helicase because this protein is needed for DNA replication (part of S phase). So expression will help progress the cell from G1 to S.arrow_forwardProgression through the cell cycle is dependent on both extra- and intracellular conditions. Consider the following conditions. Indicate which checkpoint (s) responds to that condition.a. The cell is large enough to divide.b. The DNA is completely copied during S phase.c. The cell is receiving positive cues from neighbors.d. The DNA is damaged.e. The cell has enough energy reserves to divide.f. Are all the sister chromatids correctly attached to spindle microtubules?arrow_forward
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