Which of the following need to be expressed to get past the G1 checkpoint and why? Select one: a. All the answers are correct and needed to progress the cell past the G1 checkpoint by expressing the enzymes necessary for DNA replication. Once these proteins are all expressed, the cell has moved past G1 into S phase. b. Primase because this enzyme is needed for DNA replication moving the cell from G1 to S. c. Cyclins because the accumulation of specific cyclins will turn on CDKs needed to turn on gene expression for proteins involved in DNA replication, moving the cell from G1 to S. d. DNA helicase because this protein is needed for DNA replication (part of S phase). So expression will help progress the cell from G1 to S.

Q: A cell that has passed the G1 checkpoint cannot go back because: Select one: O a. S and G1/S cyclins…

A: During early G1, there are three transcriptional repressors, known as pocket proteins, that bind to…

Q: What is the purpose of G1 checkpoint?

A: Introduction :- The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the…

Q: Which of the following is a change to the CdK/cyclin system that could result in cell division…

A: There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the equational division in…

Q: Consider you are growing HEK293 cells in the lab. After you subculture the cells several times, you…

A: The HEK293 cells represents the immortalized ccell line of embryonic kidney, epithelial morphology…

Q: The protein p53 is activated when the cell's DNA is damaged. p53 helps to arrest the cell cycle in…

A: Cell division is controlled by a protein that is encoded by a tumor suppressor gene. Uncontrolled…

Q: HIV is not an oncogenic virus, but it does allow for other viruses to affect oncogenes.  Describe a…

A: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus which makes the immune system weak and destroys the body's…

Q: Cancer cells generally have missense mutations in p53 gene, resulting in truncated p53 normally…

A: A normal cell is converted into a cancer cell when the there is deactivation of the tumor suppressor…

Q: Cell cycle regulation is important to ensure that a. non-dividing cells enter the G0 stage. b.…

A: Growth and reproduction are the two important characteristics of all living forms. Life of all…

Q: Explain the function of the G₁, G₂ and metaphase checkpoints.

A: The cell actually stays in interphase mostly. When it is prepared for growth & chromosomal…

Q: Once cells pass through the restriction point, they are committed to replicate DNA and enter the S…

A: The limitation (R) point has been named the point at G1 at which commitment occurs and the cell no…

Q: Define checkpoint pathways

A: The cell is the basic unit of life. The tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function.…

Q: Which of the following is typical of cancer cells?   A. The parent cell of the tumor contains a…

A: Cancer develops when the cells grow without any control and start crowding the cells which are…

Q: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a peptide hormone (ligand) that binds and activates IGF receptor…

A: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) is an enzyme that belongs to the family of enzymes known as  protein…

Q: Put a checkmark next to any of the following scenarios that would make it MORE likely that a cell…

A: Need to find all the options that produce uncontrollable cell division  and to increase chance of…

Q: In a healthy cell, which of the following proteins will be activated in order to suppress cell…

A: This protein controls cell division by acting as a tumor suppressor, which means that it prevents…

Q: Explain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be…

A: Mutation in an organism is defined as a permanent alteration of “nucleotide sequences”. The…

Q: Explain The p53 pathway is part of the G1-to-S checkpoint?

A: As with most body processes, the cell cycle is highly regulated to prevent mutated cell synthesis…

Q: The “Hayflick limit” is the number of times cells growing in tissue culture will divide before cell…

A: Introduction  Ageing of cells can be attributed to several factors such as degradation of cellular…

Q: f the anaphase promoting complex (APC) is temperature sensitive (active at 30C, but inactive at…

A: Anaphase-promoting complex is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for…

Q: HeLa cells are a line of cells grown in laboratory culture that has been used extensively in…

A: Cancer is a disease which is caused by the uncontrolled growth of the cells, without regulation of…

Q: Assume you have the factors in hand necessary to reprogram an adult cell, and the factors necessary…

A: The stem cells are an undifferentiated mass of cells used to treat damaged tissues. It is studied…

Q: Part of G1 is for the cell to enlarge, this growth can cause internal signaling from desmosomes…

A: A human body made up of trillions of cells which are a basic building block of all living things.…

Q: Explain why IC3 is able to stop cancerous cells from dividing ?

A: Tumor-suppressor proteins are those proteins that normally act to stop abnormal cell growth. But…

Q: Tumor growth rate is dependent on which of the following factors? A. Quantity of actively dividing…

A: Tumor growth is the growth of the cancerous cells in the body.

Q: Exposure to test compounds for several days is commonly used to determine if they cause an…

A: Cell proliferation inhibition was estimated by MTT assay. The occurrence of apoptosis was evaluated…

Q: Two cells from an animal’s heart are removed and studied. One cell has twice the amount of DNA as…

A: The s phase or the synthesis phase of the ell cycle is the part of the interphase where important…

Q: The myc oncogene increases expression of the glutamine transporter and glutaminase that converts…

A: Cancer is a disease defined by the uncontrolled development of a group of abnormal cells that can…

Q: You have two patients with pancreatic cancer. Patient 1 has a KRAS oncogenic mutation; a myc…

A: Answer a : - CBP-93872 is the most effective in patients having loss of function mutation for tumour…

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding cell cycle regulators? a. Cyclins determine…

A: Cell cycle doesn't occur in unchecked manner. Cell preperation is usually checked by regulatory…

Q: Explain the reason that cohesion must be present during S phase for the cells to divide normally.

A: Cohesin is a protein complex made up of four components. Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, and Scc3 are the four…

Q: // Which CDK and cyclin does p53 ultimately target in DNA damaged conditions? O CDK1/cyclin E O…

A: CDK phosphorylate soecific target proteins. They required cyclin to be activate. CDK-cyclin…

Q: Eukaryotic cells coordinate dna replication with cell cycle so that the genome is copied once per…

A: Introduction :- Eukaryotic cells have a complex and highly regulated DNA replication process that is…

Q: In other words, the master regulator initiates a program of gene expression that narrow the…

A: Cell signalling

Q: In attempting to design a drug that will impede cell cycle progression in ovarian cancers cells. you…

A: The answer is none of these.The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that controls the growth…

Q: Choose the letter of the best match from the following. A. Spindle Checkpoint B. Checkpoint to look…

A: G1= C.Time of the most cell growth(longest and first phase of the cell cycle ) S=E. Duplicate copy…

Q: Define the following terms: a. cell transformation b. oncogene c. apoptosis d. early response gene…

A: Gene regulation is the mechanism that acts to induce or repress the expression of the gene.that…

Q: One example of an oncogene is ras. Ras is a G protein that is activated when growth factors bind to…

A: Activating mutations in proto-oncogenes that cause growth. Protooncogenes are the genes which causes…

Q: The cell enters g1 and cyclin D binds with CDK4/6  Increases in cyclin D expression prevent p21/p27…

A: cell cycle goes through following steps in a sequence:-

Q: Which of the following statements concerning p53 is NOT correct? O a. O b. O C. p53-dependent…

A: p53 is a gene that helps to control the cell cycle and prevent cells from becoming cancerous. It…

Q: The role of the APC to get past the metaphase/ anaphase checkpoint is... Select one: a. to initiate…

A: The APC stands for Anaphase promoting complex. It is found at the anaphase transition stage.

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.