Which of the following is least likely to result in the formation of a cancerous cell? A Dysfunction results in the permanent activation of a cell division pathway in the absence of the appropriate ligand. B с D Separation of chromatids during mitosis occurs without all centromeres being attached to spindle fibers from both poles. A dysfunction in a cell cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase. A dysfunction causes the inability to produce cancer-suppressing proteins.

p53 gene, as is the Rb gene, is a tumor suppressor gene.  p53 protein binds to DNA leading to the simulation of p21 that work together with cdk2. When p21 is defective and cannot joined to cdk2 the cell cannot pass through to the next stage of cell division. Mutated p53 cannot bind to DNA in an effective way, and therefore the p21 protein is not available to act as the 'stop signal' for cell division. Thus cells divide uncontrollably, and form tumors. Hi, can you please elaborate on this: based on the info above, what is the relationship between genetics and environment in the development of these type of cancer.  Which factor (genetics or environment) is playing a larger role in the generation of these types of cancers?

BPA is a chemical compound that has historically been used in themanufacture of plastic products. However, cells often mistake BPAcompounds for hormones that accelerate the cell cycle. Because ofthis, BPA is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers. Question: Why do you think that very small concentrations of BPA mighthave a large effect on the cell?

Artificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosol