The phosphoryl group transfer potentials of phosphorylated compounds with high hydrolysis values are substantial.
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The phosphoryl group transfer potentials of phosphorylated compounds with high hydrolysis values are substantial.
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- Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the breakdown of inositol trisphosphate.Explain this apparent paradox.Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the breakdown of inositol trisphosphate. Explain this apparent paradox.The ΔG°′ for hydrolytically removing a phosphoryl group from ATP is about twice as large as the ΔG°′ for hydrolytically removing a phosphoryl group from AMP (−14 kJ · mol−1). Explain the discrepancy.
- Are fatty acid propyl esters (biodiesel) formed in the acid-catalysed esterification/transesterification reaction on waste oil more or less polar than glycerol? Briefly explain.How is the activity of amylase affected by a low pH? By a high pH? Explain.A glycolytic intermediate may be used to make the glycerol 3-phosphate necessary for the production of glycerophospholipids. For this conversion, provide a reaction sequence.
- The conversion of dihyroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase, has an equilibrium constant of Keq’ = 0.0475. Calculate the standard free-energy change for this reaction at 25ºC and pH 7.0.The formation of maltose, a disaccharide, from two glucose molecules, is not energetically favorable. However, if this reaction is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP, the reaction occurs more favorably. Maltose + H2O = 2 Glucose , ΔG'o = -15.5 KJ/mol or -3.7 kcal/mol a. Determine if the coupled reaction will occur spontaneously at standard state through calculating the Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction. b. Calculate the equilibrium constant for each individual reaction, and for the coupled reaction (using free energy of reaction). Show that the equilibrium constant for the coupled reaction equals the equilibrium constants for the individual reactions multiplied together. c. If the reaction medium contains the following chemical species at their given concentrations (298 K and 1.0 atm, pH = 7.0), will the reaction proceed in the forward or the reverse direction? [Maltose] = [Glucose] = 10.0 mM; [ATP] = 5.0 mM; [ADP] = [Pi] = 20 mMHigh blood levels of triacylglycerides are associated with heart attacks and strokes. Clofibrate, a drug that increases the activity of peroxisomes, is sometimes used to treat patients with such a condition. What is the biochemical basis for this treatment?
- Phosphocreatine (G0ʹ = -43.1 kJ/mol) has a higher phosphoryl group transfer potential than ATP (G0ʹ = -30.5 kJ/mol). However, under certain physiological conditions, phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP to creatine. Explain this discrepancy. Many biochemical conversions are carried out via multi-step pathways although similar conversions can be done in an organic chemistry lab in fewer steps. Explain why energetically it is reasonable to use multiple steps in biochemical conversions. What are isozymes? Humans contain several isozymes of hexokinase. Why does the body need several isozymes of hexokinase? 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is used to produce ATP. Which of the two phosphates of 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to make ATP. Explain why it is this specific phosphate and not the other one. Triose phosphate isomerase is a diffusion-controlled enzyme. What reaction is catalyzed by this enzyme (structures of molecules not needed)? Explain why…Crystals of phosphorylase a grown in the presence of glucose shatter when a substrate such as glucose 1- phosphate is added. Why?Given that the AG" values for the hydrolysis of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate are approximately -21 kJ/mol and –14 kJ/mol, respectively, which statement is true regarding the isomerization shown? glucose 1-phosphate → glucose 6-phosphate O The reaction can likely proceed in either direction and will therefore depend on the concentrations of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. O Only the anabolic direction will occur because the free energy change is positive. O The reaction will proceed in both directions simultaneously. This reaction can only proceed in one direction and must be the rate limiting reaction for this point in metabolism.