The following nutrient molecule is digested and transported to a cell where it undergoes further catapolism: но (CH))4-CH, In the table below, list the important products of the complete B oxidation of this molecule. • In the first column of the table, write the chemical formula, name, or standard biochemical symbol for a product molecule. In the second column, write the total number of these molecules produced. • Only list the Important products, including (1) molecules with any of the carbon atoms that were in the original molecule, (2) energy storage molecules (like ATP), and (3) newly oxidized or reduced coenzymes. • List each product molecule on a separate row. You can add more rows if you need them. • Be sure you write the number of product molecules formed by the complete p oxidation of the molecule above. • Do not incude the products of any catabolic activity that happens before or after B oxidation, including any necessary activation. If the molecule contains small parts that are not catabolized by B oxidation, ignore them. • If the molecule does not undergo B oxidation at all, check the box under the table, and leave the table itself blank. product number produced (name, chemical formula, or standard symbol)

1. (a) The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase is the first step of the TCA cycle. In glycolysis, two key reactions to produce ATP occur because an unfavorable reaction is coupled to another reaction that is thermodynamically favorable. The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase is similarly coupled to an unfavorable reaction in the TCA cycle. Write the unfavorable TCA reaction using structural formulas and write the key step that drives the two coupled reactions forward. What is the overall AG" of the coupled reactions? (b). K(yM) 25.7 Inhibitor Bromoacetyl-CoA ATP NADH 6800 8300 The inhibitor constants for three inhibitors of por- cine citrate synthase are summarized in the table on the right. The compounds were all determined to bind in the ac- tive site as competitive inhibitors of acetyl-CoA. Because they bind as competitive inhibitors, all three inhibitors must exhibit structural similarity to some part of acetyl-CoA. Look up in the textbook the structural formulas for…

[methyl-14C]Pyruvate was administered to isolated liver cells in the presence of sufficient malonate to block succinate dehydrogenase completely. After a time, isocitrate was isolated and found to contain label in both carbon 2 and carbon 5: How do you explain this result?

E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex performs which main function?  A)  removing a proton from TPP forming a carbanion  b)  catalyzing the condensation of the TPP carbanion with pyruvate to form hydroxyethyl-TPP c) oxidation and transfer of the hydroxyethyl group to lipoic acid  d)  reoxidation of lipoic acid in order to keep the reaction going Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it usually takes one of two paths. The first is further oxidation in the citric acid cycle. The second is: a) conversion to oxaloacetate which generates glucose by gluconeogenesis   b)  synthesis of galactose  c) activates transcription factors which signal the synthesis of peptidase enzymes d) it is used in the synthesis of fatty acids.

a.  Arachidic acid is shown in the diagram below. How many rounds of β-oxidation will be needed to fully catabolize arachidic acid? b. What products will be obtained from the complete β-oxidation of arachidic acid? c. What will be the final ATP output (after TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) obtained from the complete β-oxidation of arachidic acid?

(b) The results in the table below were extracted from clinical reports of pediatric age infants (3 – 5 yr.) who had marked lactic acidosis, elevated blood ammonia, poor motor coordination, and showed mental retardation. From skin fibroblast cell cultures, enzyme assays were carried out, providing the results given below. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase; E1, E2, E3 signify the three enzyme activities of the PDH complex measured separately. It should be noted that measurement of the overall activity of the PDH complex employs a different assay system than those used for measurement of the activi- ties of the separate, individual component enzymes. Patient or PDH Complex activity nmol/min/mg protein Native E1 E2 Ез Control +dichloroacetate nmol/h/mg protein Patient 1 0.318 + 0.054 0.322 + 0.053 1.54 0.29 3.69 + 1.21 15.1 + 3.0 Patient 2 0.050 ± 0,031 0.044 + 0.027 0.21 + 0.06 6.5 ± 3.1 9.8 ± 1.3 Patient 3 0.092 + 0.022 0.068 + 0.037 0.21 + 0.06 8.48 13.5 + 2.0 Control 1 0.932 + 0.076 1.368…

You have discovered an organism incapable of performing the full gluconeogenic pathway. Further analysis tells you these is no issue with glycolysis in this organism, no glucose ever leaves the cell once it enters, and the cell contains unusually large concentrations of the molecules shown below. Which gluconeogenic enzyme is missing/non-functional in this organism? Defend your answer in as much detail as possible and make sure you identify the two compounds accumulating in your answer.

Below is an image of the Krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA oxaloacetate COASH H20 NADH NAD* H20 malate citrate fumarate isocitrate FADH2 NAD* CO2 FAD АТР NADH + ADP succinate GTP NAD+ a-ketoglutarate H20 GDP NADH + CO2 COASH succinyl CoA COASH Consider the conversion of succinate to fumarate, which is coupled with the production the electron carrier FADH2. If this reaction was NOT coupled with the production of FADH2 (and only catalyzed the conversion of succinate to fumarate), how would this impact ATP production through cell respiration? OATP production would stop because no high energy electron carriers would be produced ATP production would still occur, but there would be a much lower ATP yield because a large number of electron carriers are no longer being made ATP production would stop because without FADH2 we will no longer have electrons moving through the electron transport chain ATP production would still occur, but there would be a slightly lower ATP yield because a small number of…

Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O, ADP, and P; as reactants and ATP, CO, and H;0 as products. (a) Stearic acid (b) Oleic acid (c) Palmitic acid (d) Linoleic acid

Determine whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose conversion is a supplier of NADPH (H +) for reductive syntheses. b) An overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia in a patient with diabetes mellitus. c) Fructose-6-phosphate is an allosteric regulator of glycolysis.