In less than 100 words total i) describe the physiological reaction of the red population to alcohol consumption, which is usually not seen with the blue population, and ii) explain in the language of this unit how the enzymatic properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase relate to this physiological reaction.

(b) The results in the table below were extracted from clinical reports of pediatric age infants (3 – 5 yr.) who had marked lactic acidosis, elevated blood ammonia, poor motor coordination, and showed mental retardation. From skin fibroblast cell cultures, enzyme assays were carried out, providing the results given below. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase; E1, E2, E3 signify the three enzyme activities of the PDH complex measured separately. It should be noted that measurement of the overall activity of the PDH complex employs a different assay system than those used for measurement of the activi- ties of the separate, individual component enzymes. Patient or PDH Complex activity nmol/min/mg protein Native E1 E2 Ез Control +dichloroacetate nmol/h/mg protein Patient 1 0.318 + 0.054 0.322 + 0.053 1.54 0.29 3.69 + 1.21 15.1 + 3.0 Patient 2 0.050 ± 0,031 0.044 + 0.027 0.21 + 0.06 6.5 ± 3.1 9.8 ± 1.3 Patient 3 0.092 + 0.022 0.068 + 0.037 0.21 + 0.06 8.48 13.5 + 2.0 Control 1 0.932 + 0.076 1.368…

a) Write the catalytic mechanistic steps used in the urea cycle. If transamination is required, showonly the net reaction of this step.b) Where do the 2 nitrogen atoms and the 1 carbon atom that make the final product come from?

The protein catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide:2 H2O2 (aq) → 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g)and has a Michaelis-Menten constant of 25 × 10-3 mol·dm-3 and a turnover number of 4.0×107s-1.The total enzyme concentration is 0.016×10-6 mol·dm-3 and the initial substrate concentration is4.32×10-6 mol·dm-3 Calculate the maximum reaction rate (????) for this enzyme, and the initial rateof this reaction. Note that catalase has a single active site.