The best strategy for treating a specific type of human tumor can depend on identifying the type of cell that became cancerous to give rise to the tumor. For some tumors that have colonized a distant location (metastasized), identifying the parental cell type can be difficult. Because the type of IF protein expressed is cell-type-specific, using monoclonal antibodies that react with only one type of IF protein can help in this identification. What IF proteins would you produce monoclonal antibodies against to identify (a) a sarcoma of muscle cell origin, (b) an epithelial cell carcinoma, and (c) an astrocytoma (glial cell tumor)?

RG, a 6-year-old child, has been diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). The standard treatment is 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol), an inexpensive drug that inhibits proliferation and is effective against rapidly proliferating cells like cancer cells. The compound is an antimetabolite that interferes with DNA synthesis. However, about 10% of patients experience life-threatening toxicities. 6-mercaptopurine is metabolized and detoxified by the enzyme thiopurine-S-methyltransferase (TPMT). The most common SNPS correlated with low enzymatic activity are TPMT*3A, *3B, *3C and *2. They cause enhanced degradation of the enzyme. Genotyping reveals that RG has the following genotype: TPMT*3A/*2. Questions: A patient with TPMT*l/*1 should receive what kind of dose? Reduced dose Standard dose Increased dose

Which of the following statements are correct about tumor cell masses (select all that apply)?   A. Stromal cells of tumor masses are generally just contaminants and play no role in tumor progression   B. Most stromal cells are of mesenchymal origin   C. Fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes are commonly found in the stroma of tumor masses   D. In Hodgkin's Lymphoma, the majority of cells in the tumor mass are neoplastic   E. In carcinomas, neoplastic and stromal cells are present at similar numbers

Which of the following statements are correct about the ability of cancer cells to form a secondary tumor at a site distant from the primary tumor (select all that apply)?   A. Is possessed by majority of cells in a tumor   B. Most micrometasases fail to become secondary tumor   C. Usually occurs prior to establishment of micrometatstases   D. Ability is acquired along with ability to move through circulation   E. Is often acquired after micrometastases have been estabilished

Explain the following figure. According to this model, what are the two major phases of metastasis that must be successful for metastasis? What are the challenges faced by cancer cells during metastatizing?

You established two cell lines (Cell line X and Cell line Y) from colon cancer patients and both of them can proliferate without the Wnt ligand. When you analyze the tumor suppressor APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) protein in these lines, X does not express functional APC but Y expresses functional APC. How can Y keep proliferating without Wnt? Which function (protein) within the Wnt signaling pathway might be defective in Y?

A microarray is a technique used to develop a profile of the messenger RNA being transcribed by cells at a particular point in the life cycle of the cell. This allows the researcher to detect the expression of particular genes at a particular time. Microarrays have proven very useful in the detection of genes involved in certain types of cancer. If the product of a particular gene functions as a tumor suppressor, which piece of evidence do you think would be the most useful in the diagnosis of a cancer due to a nonsense mutation in this tumor-suppressor gene? (Hint: Don't worry about what a microarray is. Think about what you know about mitosis, cancer, and types of mutation.) O The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. O The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. O The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. O The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high…

What are the major differences between a tumor initiator (e.g., DMBA) and a tumor promoting agent (e.g., TPA)?

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Isothiocyanates arè compounds found in vegetables such as broccoli. Such compounds have been shown to induce the expression of proteins called caspases in cervical cancer cells. Outside of Cell Toxins DNA Damage p53 Apoptosis Inside of Cell Based on the above diagram, would you expect ingestion of broccoli to promote, suppress or have no effect on the progression or survival of cervical cancer cells? Promote progression of cervical cancer cells Suppress progression of cervical cancer cells O Have no effect on progression of cervical cancer cells