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Which of the following statements are correct about cancer drug resistance (select all that apply)?
| A. |
It is inevitable that a tumor will eventually become resistant to a given cancer drug |
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| B. |
Solid tumors often develop drugs resistance through upregulating expression of drug transporters. |
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| C. |
If the probability of develop resistance to drug A is 1/10 and for Drug B is also 1/10, then the probility of developing resistance to Drug A and B combination therapy is 1/20. |
|
| D. |
Effective multidrug protocols use 3 drugs that all target the same mechanisms of killing cancer cell
|
|
| E. |
Drug resistance ofter develops when p53 is inactivated |
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- Which of the following are mechanisms by which cancer drugs work (select all that apply)? A. Inhibit activity of oncogene B. Promote apoptosis C. Promote terminal differentiation of cells D. Inhibit drug transporters E. Promote DNA damage.Which of the following statements are correct about the ability of cancer cells to form a secondary tumor at a site distant from the primary tumor (select all that apply)? A. Is possessed by majority of cells in a tumor B. Most micrometasases fail to become secondary tumor C. Usually occurs prior to establishment of micrometatstases D. Ability is acquired along with ability to move through circulation E. Is often acquired after micrometastases have been estabilishedWhich of the following statements are correct about inflammation and cancer (select all that apply)? A. Inflammatory cells are often detected in tumor samples B. The inflammatory cytokine TNF has been shown to have direct transforming properties C. Cancer often arises at sites of chronic inflammation D. Use of NSAIDs has been associated with increased mortality from colorectal cancer E. Levels of macrophage infiltration in tumors have been negatively correlated with patient prognosis
- Which of the following factors contributes to angiogenesis as a result of a tumor growth? Select all that apply: a. Increasing tumor's access to oxygen and nutrients b. Increasing tumor's ability for growth, invasion, and metastasis c. Increasing expression of proto-oncogenes for cancer cells d. Increasing expression of tumor-suppressor genes for cancer cellsThe therapeutic index of an anti-cancer drug is reflective of which of the following(select all that apply)? A. Method by which drug is delivered B. The dosage at which side effects are minimal C. The number of patients receiving drug D. Selectivity over cancer cells vs normal cells E. The molecular target of the drugWhich of the following statements are correct about tumors and metastasis (select all that apply)? A. The majority of cancer deaths are due to primary tumor B. Loss of basement membrane by tumor mass is strong predictor of metastasis potential C. The tissue stroma contributes to whether a tumor cell will metastasize D. The majority of life threatening tumors occur in epithelial tissues E. The tendency of a primary tumor to metastasize is similar across different tissue types
- For many years, targeted therapies for cancer treatment continue to be developed, however more and more patients are developing resistance to targeted therapies. Discuss one mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies for cancer and provide an example of how might creatively combat it using clinical concepts.Different gene therapy approaches have been studied for cancer gene therapy. These approaches include? (select all that applies) a.immunotherapy, b. anti-angiogenic gene therapy, c.inhibition of tumor invasion, d.induction of apoptosisWhy is anti-angiogenic therapy an attractive attack method against cancer? Select one: o a. Endothelial cells are relatively stable cells a. Endothelial cells are relatively stable cells o b. Killing one endothelial cell effectively kills hundreds of cancer cells o c. Antiangiogenic therapy can be combined with existing cancer therapies o d. all of the above
- Suppose there is a new drug targeting a type of cancer and the clinical trials are to be done with cancer patients, outline and explain the potential set-up of the evaluation for effect of the new drug. (Hint: The set-up should not jeopardize the patients receiving a placebo.)Angiogenic switch: a. Is the sudden, dramatic change in the behavior of the small tumor masses b. Is an important step in tumor progression c. represents the ability to induce blood vessel growth at will d. All of the aboveCancer cells have a complex interaction with the cells of the immune system that are present in the stroma. The immune cells have the potential to destroy the tumor if it is recognized as aberrant tissue. Which one of the following statements correctly describes an interaction between cancer cells and the immune cells of the stroma? A. Tumors stimulate formation of new blood vessels—angiogenesis—promoting tumor survival. B. The tumor establishes an immunosuppressive environment by blocking white-cell activation. C. Tumors invoke an inflammatory reaction that blocks entry of immune cells into the stroma. D. Immune cells block tumor growth by providing signals that inhibit cancer cell proliferation.