Muscle-coll-specific enhancer sequence Myogenic ЬHLH proteln Binding of proteln heterodimer activates the gene. (a) Binding of a myogenic BHLH proteln-E heterodimer to a muscle-cell-specific enhancer Muscle-cell-specific enhancer sequence Myogenic Id ЬHLH Heterodimer is unable to bind- proteln gene is not activated. protein (b) Inability of a myogenic BHLH proteln-ld heterodimer to bind to the DNA
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At which stage of development does the Id protein function? Why is its function important?
Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are a family of highly conserved transcriptional regulators that are essential for both during developmental processes and in adult tissue homeostasis.
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- Identify the ligand that bind to uniprotkb-P39086, the type of allostery, and describe the general function of the proteinCertain hormones, such as epinephrine, can increase the levels ofcAMP within cells. Let’s suppose you pretreat cells with or withoutepinephrine and then prepare a cell extract that contains theCREB protein.You then use an electrophoretic mobility shift assay to analyzethe ability of the CREB protein to bind to a DNA fragmentcontaining a cAMP response element (CRE). Describe what theexpected results would be.. An interesting mutation in lacI results in repressorswith 110-fold increased binding to both operator andnonoperator DNA. These repressors display a “reverse”induction curve, allowing β-galactosidase synthesis inthe absence of an inducer (IPTG) but partly repressingβ-galactosidase expression in the presence of IPTG. Howcan you explain this? (Note that, when IPTG binds a repressor, it does not completely destroy operator affinity,but rather it reduces affinity 110-fold. Additionally, ascells divide and new operators are generated by thesynthesis of daughter strands, the repressor must findthe new operators by searching along the DNA, rapidlybinding to nonoperator sequences and dissociating fromthem.)
- Explain the signifi cance of the observation that peptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe “activate” the phagocytotic (particle-engulfi ng) functions of mammalian leukocytes (white blood cells).If the following truncated peptide represents the active domain of the COVID19’s S-protein N-terminal ----Leu-Leu-Gly-Cys-Ile-Glu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Ala ------ C-terminal a) state the RNA sequence of this peptide given that Leu is the first amino acid b) show a point mutation using the RNA sequence & explain how it results in silent mutation effect c) show a deletion mutation using the RNA sequence & explain the consequence(s)Homozygosity for extremely rare mutations in a humangene called SCN9A cause complete insensitivity topain (congenital pain insensitivity or CPA) and a totallack of the sense of smell (anosmia). The SCN9A geneencodes a sodium channel protein required for transmission of electrical signals from particular nerves inthe body to the brain. The failure to feel pain is a dangerous condition as people cannot sense injuries.The SCN9A gene has 26 exons and encodes a1977-amino acid polypeptide. Consanguineous matings in three different families have resulted in individuals with CPA/anosmia. In Family 1, a G-to-Atransition in exon 15 results in a truncated protein that is898 amino acids long; in Family 2, deletion of a singlebase results in a 766-amino acid polypeptide; and inFamily 3, a C-to-G transversion in exon 10 yields a458-amino acid protein.a. Hypothesize as to how each of the three SCN9Amutations affects gene structure: Why are truncatedproteins made in each case? b. How would you…
- You have synthesized an enhancerless GFP reportergene in which the jellyfish GFP cDNA is placeddownstream of a basal promoter that functions inmice. You will now fuse this enhancerless reporter tothe three types of sequences listed below (x–z).a. Which of the three types of sequences would youuse for which of the three listed purposes (i–iii)? Ineach case, explain how the particular fusion wouldaddress the particular use.Types of sequences fused to the reporter:x. random mouse genome sequencesy. known mouse kidney-specific enhancerz. fragments of genomic DNA surroundingthe transcribed part of a mouse geneUses:i. to identify a gene’s enhancer(s)ii. to express GFP tissue-specificallyiii. to identify genes expressed in neuronsb. Which of the sequences (x–z) would you fuse to aparticular mouse gene of interest in order to express the protein product of the gene ectopically,that is, in a tissue in which the gene is not usuallyexpressed? Why might you want to do this experiment in the first…A single UASG regulates the expression of threegenes, all of which are adjacent: GAL7 and GAL10 asdescribed in Problem 8, and also GAL1.a. Would you expect these genes to be transcribedinto individual transcripts, or to be cotranscribed asone mRNA? Explain.b. How could you determine experimentallywhether each gene is transcribed separately orinstead that the three are cotranscribed into asingle mRNA?c. GAL1 and GAL10 are not only adjacent to eachother, but also are transcribed divergently with asingle UASG between them. Describe experimentsusing GFP and RFP transgenes that would allowyou to determine which of the four GAL4 bindingsites in this UASG element is (are) important for thetranscription of GAL1 and/or GAL10.There was a study done (Isabel, et al.) on structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The researchers hypothesized that a mutation in Asp 614 to Gly 614 will result in a loss of four inter-chain destabilizing (i.e., hydrophobic-hydrophilic) contacts. I attached an image that illustrates this (C). My question is: how does this classify as a repelling effect when Asp 614 should be hydrogen bonding with Thr 859? If Asp 614 is mutated to Gly 614, then wouldn't this hydrogen bonding no longer occur? Just not too sure what this hydrophobic-hydrophilic repelling effect is referring to exactly.