The BMP-Nodal gradient so vital to amphibian and fish development may be critically important in other vertebrates (including humans) as well. Moreover, can any field of pluripotent cells (such as human embryonic stem cells)respond to gradients of BMP and Nodal signals?

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Can I get help on creating a concept map for the Introduction provided below? The development of a multicellular organ (such as the brain) from stem cells involves complicated processing.1,2 Proliferating stem cells undergo the fate decision process before developing into tissues or organs. This process is controlled and regulated by a signaling pathway network (called gene regulatory network).3 The network comprises pathways created by the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the cells, which form the signal transduction to control stem cell fate. There are various signal pathways that have been discovered and studied for tissue development and patterning, including Wnt signaling,4 Notch, and receptor tyrosine kinase.5–7 It has been suggested that cross-regulatory interactions between elements of the pathways (e.g., Wnt and Notch) affect the process of cell fate assignment.8,9 Most components of Wnt signaling have multiple interactions with other signaling pathways (e.g., Hippo/YAP and…

When BRCA1 is absent, is it unable to transcribe genes like p21, which leads to senescence ?

Homeotic genes(A) encode transcription factors that control the expression ofgenes responsible for specific anatomical structures.(B) are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods.(C) are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain.(D) encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Which specialized gene product is responsible for the fusion of mononucleated skin fibroblasts into multinucleated skeletal muscle cells in humans (a type of positive feedback in gene expression)? the glucocorticoid receptor protein the antennapedia protein the PAX-6 protein the MyoD protein the Ey protein

In contrast to their similar brain abnormalities,newborn mice deficient in Apaf1 or caspase-9 have dis-tinctive abnormalities in their paws. Apaf1-deficient micefail to eliminate the webs between their developing digits,whereas caspase-9-deficient mice have normally formeddigits (Figure Q18–1). If Apaf1 and caspase-9 function inthe same apoptotic pathway, how is it possible for thesedeficient mice to differ in web-cell apoptosis?

“In the early Drosophila embryo, the establishment of different body regionor tissues along, on the one hand, the anteroposterior axis and, on theother, the dorsoventral axis are initiated by clues provided by the egg’smother; however the nature of those signals and the way in which theyoperate is completely different”. Discuss whether this statement is correct.

Match the phrase on the right with the corresponding term on the left

What is the signaling pathway that mediates the organizing activity of the A/P organizer in the Drosophila wing disc? Describe two experiments that suggest this pathway functions to organize pattern and promote growth along the anterior/posterior axis of wing imaginal discs.