A strain of Drosophila known as dunce produces one-half the amount of cAMP phosphodiesterase found in wild-type flies, which causes a learning defect. Another strain of Drosophila known as rutabaga produces a defective adenylyl cyclase protein (one of the AC types expressed in most cells) and also causes a learning defect. A dunce–rutabaga double mutant fly has relatively normal learning. Explain these curious observations?

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