Make a theoretical calculation of how many ATP molecule of acetyl-CoA to Carbon dioxide and water if the entire proton gradient across the mitochondrias inner membrane can be used for ATP production and when the ATP synthase has 15 c-subunits?
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- Please help!! Aerobic cellular respiration can be divided into 3 series of reactions. Name these and briefly give a synopsis of each be sure to account for the ATP molecules produced at each and identify where each step occurs.True or false 1. H+ ions generated by the reactions in the electron transport chain, as well as H+ ions present in the matrix of the mitochondria are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space at three different sites. 2. The electron transport chain is a multistep process that relies on five enzyme systems, as well as mobile electron carriers. 3. Energy released from H+ movement in the electron transport chain fuels phosphorylation. 4. The convertion of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the electron chain is an example Fe3+ acting as an oxidizing agent. 5. The final stage of Electron Transport Chan is an anaerobic process.Please answer fast The equilbrium constant (Keq) under standard conditions for the hydrolysis of ATP is 200,000 M. This would suggest the reaction is: 1. proceeding in reverse direction 2. proceeding in forward direction 3. in equilibrium However, this does not take into consideration the concentration of substrates/products within the cell. This is can be calculated by determining the reaction quotient, Q by: [ATP] x [Pi] / [ADP] [ATP] + [Pi] / [ADP] [ADP] x [ATP] / [Pi] [ADP] x [Pi] / [ATP] Biochemical reactions commonly involve the transfer of groups from ATP. What is one of the products of pyrophosphate cleavage from ATP? AMP Adenosine ADP Inorganic phosphate Q5-6. The hydrolysis of ATP is often coupled to other reactions. For example: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + H2O → Pyruvate + Pi (ΔG'° = -63.1 kJ/mol) ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi (ΔG'° = -30.5 kJ/mol) (The standard free-energy changes for the reactions are indicated in brackets) Q5. Given the information above, what is the…
- pH and in the Chloroplast Proton-Motive Force (Integrates with Chapter 20.) In mitochondria, the membrane potential () contributes relatively more to p (proton-motive force) than does the pH gradient (pH). The reverse is true in chloroplasts. Why do you suppose that the proton-motive force in chloroplasts can depend more on pH than mitochondria can? Why is () less in chloroplasts than in mitochondria?The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)Assessing the Effect of Active-Site Phosphorylation on Enzyme Activity (Integrates with Chapter 15.) The serine residue of isocitrate dehydroenase that is phosphorylated by protein kinase lies within the active site of the enzyme. This situation contrasts with most other examples of coa1ent modification by protein phosphorylation. where the phosphorylation occurs at a sate remote from the active site. What direct effect do you think such active-site phosphorylation might have on the catalytic activity of isocitrate dehydrogcn.ise? (Sec Barford, D., 1991. Molecular mechanisms for the control of enzymic activity by protein phosphorytation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1133:55—62.)
- EVOLUTION LINK The reactions of glycolysis are identical in all organismsprokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animalsthat obtain energy from glucose catabolism. What does this universality suggest about the evolution of glycolysis?Many cancer cells preferentially perform aerobic glycolysis Proliferative tissue 5. Tumor without relying on oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a pro- cess known as the "Warburg effect". While less efficient at generating ATP, it has been proposed that the Warburg effect promotes prolifera- tion by generating an abundance of glycolytic intermediates that serve as precursors for other anabolic processes to generate biomass. One consequence of the Warburg effect is that cancer cells that are not bathed in a constant source of fresh glucose – such as cells in a solid tumor that are far from any capillaries (e.g., non-small cell (NSC) lung cancer) – often run out of glucose and activate gluconeogenesis. In this situation, the lactate generated by anerobic glycolysis is converted back to pyruvate to begin gluconeogenesis. or +/-02 Glucose Pyruvate 5% 85% Lactate CO2 (a) matic steps. Beginning with pyruvate, write with words the reaction for the first step, including the name of…The following structure is ATP synthase. Which of the following statements is NOT true for the ATP synthase? B b2 6 a В a Y E H+ α C10 B ATP ADP + Pi N side 800000 P side
- Please help with this problem One of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle. C. How would excess G6P concentration contribute to the reducing potential required for fatty acid synthesis? Excess G6P usually means that glycolysis is not occurring and NADH is not being used up. D. How does acetate stimulate the rate of citrate formation based on enzyme kinetic? E. How would the concentration of citrate in the mitochondria increase if the rate of isocitrate dehydrogenase rate were inhibitedce BiochemistryQ&A Library1. Under aerobic catabolism of glucose, in which compartment of the eukaryotic cell does the following reactions occur? a. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. b. Conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate c. Conversion of NADH to ATP d. Conversion of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate 1. Under aerobic catabolism of glucose, in which compartment of the eukaryotic cell does the following reactions occur? a. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. b. Conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate c. Conversion of NADH to ATP d. Conversion of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate Question 1. Under aerobic catabolism of glucose, in which compartment of the eukaryotic cell does the following reactions occur? (i) Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. (ii) Conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate (iii) Conversion of NADH to ATP (iv) Conversion of phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate 2. Describe various mechanisms for regulation of…DESIGN YOUR ENZYME AND SHOW THE REACTION! To trap glucose in a cell, the following reaction is catalyzed by the HEXOKINASE enzyme: GLUCOSE (G) + ATP -> GLUCOSE-6-Phosphate (G6P) + ADP Diagram and label the steps in the catalytic cycle of this reaction in the presence of the hexokinase enzyme. Show the steps of how the REACTANTS are converted to PRODUCTS (you can use shapes to represent the different molecules) From what you know about the structure and polarity of the reactants, predict the amino acid R groups that might be in the ACTIVE SITE
