Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 8, Problem 17TYU
EVOLUTION LINK The reactions of glycolysis are identical in all organisms—prokaryotes, protists,
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While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK:
GAPDH
GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH
PGK
BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP
The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below:
GAPN
GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH
In bacteria and eukaryotes, GAPDH/PGK are not regulated via allosteric activation or inhibition. Do you imagine this is the same for GAPN? Why or why not?
While the conversion of glucose (Glc) to pyrucate (Pyr) is shared across all domains of life, the route to get there can differ dramatically. In some Archaea, for example, some of the key steps in glycolysis differ. One example of this is the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG). Instead of the two-step process catalyzed by GAPDH and PGK:
GAPDH
GAP + Pi + NAD+ -----> BGP + NADH
PGK
BGP + ADP <-----> 3PG + ATP
The archaeal pathway utilizes the enzyme non-phosporylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) to catalyze the metabolically irreversible step shown below:
GAPN
GAP + NADP+ ---> BGP + NADPH
In terms of the ΔGrxn, why is the GAPDH+PGK process reversible but the GAPN process is not?
The citric acid cycle functions to completely oxidize glucose in the presence of oxygen, allowing for a large amount of ATP to be produced within the cell through oxidative phosphorylation. Free oxygen did not always exist within the atmosphere of Earth, meaning that early life forms relied solely
on glycolysis and fermentation to extract energy from
macromolecules. What role did the increase in atmospheric oxygen play in the evolution of life on Earth? Frame your answer in terms of the energy derived from cellular respiration in the presence and absence of oxygen.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 8.1 - Write a summary reaction for aerobic respiration...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 8.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 8.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 8.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 8.2 - Add up the energy captured (as ATP, NADH, and...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 8.2 - Prob. 6LOCh. 8.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 8.2 - Prob. 2C
Ch. 8.2 - What are the roles of NAD+, FAD, and oxygen in...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 4CCh. 8.3 - Summarize how the products of protein and lipid...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 8.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 8.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 8.4 - Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and...Ch. 8.4 - What is the fate of hydrogen atoms removed from...Ch. 8.4 - What accounts for the ATP yield of fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - Is chemiosmosis involved in fermentation? in...Ch. 8 - A chemical process during which a substance gains...Ch. 8 - The reactions of _____ take place within the...Ch. 8 - Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it...Ch. 8 - In the first step of the citric acid cycle, an...Ch. 8 - Which of the following is the major source of...Ch. 8 - The aerobic part of aerobic cellular respiration...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 8 - A net profit of only 2 ATPs can be produced...Ch. 8 - When deprived of oxygen, yeast cells obtain energy...Ch. 8 - Which of the following is a correct ranking of...Ch. 8 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 8 - CONNECT Explain why the proton gradient formed...Ch. 8 - CONNECT How are the endergonic reactions of the...Ch. 8 - PREDICT Could the inner mitochondrial membrane...Ch. 8 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 8 - Prob. 16TYUCh. 8 - EVOLUTION LINK The reactions of glycolysis are...Ch. 8 - Prob. 18TYU
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- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?arrow_forwardEVOLUTION LINK The reactions of glycolysis are identical in all organisms-prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animals-that obtain energy from glucose catabolism. What does this universality suggest about the evolution of glycolysis? active thatarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about cellular respiration is TRUE in eukaryotes? A. For every molecule of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain, 1 molecule of ATP is produced. B. ATP synthase harnesses the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space to produce ATP. C. ATP synthase transduces the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix into kinetic (mechanical) energy D. H2O is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, being oxidized to O2 and H+. E. All of the above are truearrow_forward
- True or false Some prokaryotes can live in oxygen-free environments such as water logged soil, in ponds where water does not flow, and in the intestines of animals that transfer glucose to NADPH and then pass the electrons down the electron transport chain that is joined to ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis.arrow_forwardIn this chapter you learned that cellular respiration is a lengthy metabolic pathway that consists of 4 distinct phases, beginning with glucose and ending with 36 ATP molecules. The diagram below illustrates how certain compounds from the breakdown of all nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) can be converted into intermediates in głycolysis and the Kreb's Cycle and how they can enter and leave at many different stages of these pathways. Use the lettered items below to corredly identify the numbered items (106 to 115) in the diagram. Record your responses onto the Google Form. food stage 1: a. proteins breakdown of large macro- molecules to simple subunits 106 107 108 b. co2 109 110 fatty acids and glycerol с. lipids stage 2: 111 breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA accompanied by production of limited ATP and NADH d. Kreb Cycle pyruvate simple sugars g. glucose 112 f. ATP 113 02 g. stage 3: complete oxida tion of acetyl COA to H0 and coz involves production of much NADH,…arrow_forwardFor each statement below, write whether the event occurs in GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, or ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. 1. Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons 2. Occurs outside the mitochondria 3. Produces FADH2 4. Begins with glucose 5. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 6. Ends with pyruvic acid 7. Where chemiosmosis occurs 8 .Forms water 9.Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria 10. Produces the most ATParrow_forward
- Autotrophs harvest energy directly from the environment and store it in the form of sugars and other carbohydrate. They and all other organisms use energy stored in sugars to power various endergonic reactions that sustain life. Identify the two cellular process responsible for products described in the figure. Explain the role of each product listed in the processes. A prolonged drought with record-breaking temperatures occurs in the Pacific Northwest. Predict the impact on the cellular processes described in the figure. Justify your response.arrow_forwardPlace the five metabolic types in the probable order of their evolution: oxygenic photosynthesis, aerobic metabolisms, anaerobic chemolithoautotrophy, anaerobic chemorganoheterotrophy, anoxygenic photosynthesis. You are expected to justify your answers by identifying the origins of the energy, the carbon used and the redox couples (electron donors and acceptors). Describe the environmental conditions that probably led to the evolution of the next metabolism.arrow_forwardA) B) O D) 2 Glycolysis is the process where cells split the sugar glucose to make 2 ATP. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry out glycolysis. Where (what location) does glycolysis occur in the eukaryotic cell pictured here? 5 9 11 11 GAVE HAD 9 10 10 8 14arrow_forward
- Nearly all of the energy used by living cells comes from the energy in the bonds of the sugar glucose. As glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, it is probably one of the earlier metabolic pathways to evolve since it is used by nearly all the organisms on Earth. As discussed, why are coupled reactions important in the process of glycolysis?arrow_forwardCellular respiration is a very challenging topic to learn. Instead of asking you many detailed questions about the process, I would rather you show me that you understand the big picture. Why is it necessary for all organisms to do cellular respiration? It doesn't matter if you are a top tier consumer like you and I or a simple decomposing yeast, all organisms must do some sort of cellular respiration. You can answer this by describing the overall purpose and outcome of cellular respiration. You are not required to get into minute details. I DELLarrow_forwardHow much ATP is made available to the cell from a single glucose molecule by the operation of (1) glycolysis, (2) the formation of acetyl CoA, (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?Where does each of these processes take place in a eukaryotic cell?arrow_forward
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