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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Take a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the α globin in humans and the α globin in horses, or the α globin in humans and the β globin in humans? Based on your answer, would you conclude that the gene duplication that gave rise to the α-globin and β-globin genes occurred before or after the divergence of humans and horses? Explain your reasoning.

Transcribed Image Text:Human
Horse
Accumulation of
additional mutations
Human
Horse
Divergence into different
species to create orthologs
Accumulation of
different mutations
Gene duplication
to create paralogs
Ancestral globin gene
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- If myoglobin is found in all chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates, b-globin is found in all vertebrates, a-globin in all ostracoderm descendants, z-globin in all gnathostomes, e-globin in all viviparous mammals, and g-globin in all placental mammals, then the most ancient of these genes: must be epsilon-globin (e-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral marsupials must be myoglobin, found only in descendants of the chordates, urochordates, and cephalochordates must be gamma-globin (g-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral placentals must be zeta-globin (z-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral gnathostome fishes must be beta-globin (b-globin), found only in descendants of the ancestral vertebratesarrow_forwardA scientist investigating the genome of two related individuals observes a difference of a few nucleotides in one individual compared to the other. The nucleotide differences are in a region of noncoding DNA on chromosome 1. Would these differences be considered a mutation? Why or why not? Yes, the difference in nucleotide sequences between the individuals is a mutation because it will affect the phenotype of the two individuals. Yes, any heritable variation in the nucleotide sequence is considered a mutation, even if that variation is in a noncoding region of DNA. Not enough information was provided to determine if this nucleotide difference is a mutation because the effect on phenotype is unknown. No, the change in nucleotide sequence doesn't appear in a coding region of the DNA and so can't be a mutation.arrow_forwardUsing a laser beam, you isolated several R bands from human chromosomes. Answer the following questions What kinds of genes are present in R bands? Which isochors do you expect to be present in the R band? What class of interspersed repeats will be present in R bands? What class of tandem repeats do you expect to find in RG bands? Would you expect to find telomere sequences in some R bands?arrow_forward
- The most common allele of the β chain of hemoglobin in humans, ???,HbA, has glutamic acid at the sixth position. Two different amino acid substitutions at the sixth position produce two variants, ???HbS and ???,HbC, of the sickle‑cell allele. The ???HbS allele occurs when valine is substituted for glutamic acid, and the ???HbC allele occurs when lysine is substituted for glutamic acid. To answer the question, refer to the amino acid table. Match the class of amino acid and the chemical property to each possible amino acid. Not all answers will be placed.arrow_forwardMatch the numbered concepts to the lettered facts. Explain why each pair is the best match. (1) Gene Duplication (2) Molecular Clock (3) Pseudogene (4) SINES and LINES a. Different kinds of globin chains arose over time including myoglobin, alpha globin, beta globin 1, delta globin, and beta globin 2.b. The two human beta globin genes, 1 and 2, differ at 20 base pair sites; only beta gene 1 produces a functional protein.c. In human hemoglobin, the delta polypeptide chain differs by 39 amino acid sites vs. the beta chain.d. The human alpha globin gene and the mouse alpha globin gene are orthologous to each other.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best explains the number of similarities between the amino acid sequences of the Drosophila Hedgehog protein and the Chicken Indian Hedgehog protein? O A. The Drosophila hedgehog gene evolved from hedgehogs, which are distantly related to birds. O B. Both genes evolved from a gene present in the last common ancestor of Drosphila and chickens, and the number of differences reflects the amount of time that has elapsed during the evolution of these two lineages. a During the evolution of Drosophila and chickens, a hedgehog like gene arose independently in each lineage, then the gene that arose in chickens diversified. A These genes are unrelated, and the fact that they are similar is only because the proteins need to have similar biochemical properties. They are unrelated because chickens don't have segments and Drosophila larvae don't have limb buds.arrow_forward
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