Q: What kind of genes are downstream of ER signalling and what is their function?
A: A gene is an essential unit of heredity and an arrangement of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the…
Q: Cell signaling pathway involved: Signal mechanism (What is the ligand?) Type of receptor Basics of…
A: 1. The ligand (called epidermal development factor, or EGF) ties to the receptor (called EGFR).…
Q: If GLI can drive the expression of all Hedgehog pathway components, which of the following would…
A: The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a type of pathway first identified in the common fruit fly.…
Q: Which of the following signal transduction pathways is most commonly associated with the…
A: The binding of extracellular signaling molecules and ligands to receptors on the cell surface or…
Q: NSULIN causes fat, liver, and muscle cells to take in glucose. In this situation the effector…
A: Insulin is a harmony which regulates the blood glucose level . Due to question answering guidelines…
Q: How does PDGF play a role in wound healing? Know the experiment done to show the need for PDGF for…
A: PDGF stands for Platelet-derived growth factor, it is a powerful mesenchymal cell stimulator.…
Q: What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?
A: G-protein coupled receptor refers to the cell surface receptor that recognizes molecules (ligand)…
Q: Cell signaling pathway involved: Signal mechanism (What is the ligand?) Type of receptor Basics…
A: Nicotine affects the cell signalling in various ways that includes:- 1. Activation of the…
Q: Vhat is the JAK family responsible for? What types of signaling happens within these types of…
A: JAK ( Janus kinase) is a tyrosine kinase which mainly transduces cytokine mediated signalling.
Q: Binding of epithelial growth factor (EGF) to its receptors will result in Ras A) shutting down cell…
A: .A gene that controls cell proliferation and can function as a transcription factor, growth factor,…
Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?
A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…
Q: Mutations in Ras are found in a majority of cancers. Which of these mutations will lead to permanent…
A: - Most of the growth factors utilize RTK mediated RAS-MAPK pathway to stimulate the cell for…
Q: What is the difference between a protein kinase and a secondmessenger? Can both operate in the same…
A: Signal transduction, also called cell signaling, is the process by which molecular signals are…
Q: TLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory…
A: The activation of transcription factor such as NFkB, AP-1, and IRF is a complex mechanism involving…
Q: Which components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with…
A: The phosphoinositide signaling (PSS) system works by the activation of the phospholipase (PLC)…
Q: EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF receptors. Which of these observations, if true, would…
A: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways…
Q: What is the effect of pertussis toxin on G proteins? Inhibits activation of Gαi leading to…
A: The GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) is one of the very important cell signalling molecule. It is a…
Q: How does a compound that inhibits the GTPase activity of G-alpha affect liver cell responses to…
A: The G alpha helps in the breakdown of the glycogen breakdown rapidly, however it could be stopped…
Q: Is quorum sensing a positive or negative feedback mechanism
A: Several bacterial species use this mechanism to regulate gene expression based on their population…
Q: how does covid19 affect the systems of the body.. for example, nervous system, excretory system,…
A: The coronavirus disease (COVID 19) is caused by the novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute…
Q: Where do DAG and IP3 originate? a. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. b. They are ligands…
A: diacylglycerol (DAG) consist of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule…
Q: What occurs when the JAK-STAT pathway is activated?
A: The JAK/STAT pathway is a cell signaling pathway. The JAK are a category of proteins belonging to…
Q: Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For…
A: TGF-1–3 are multifunctional growth factors that are exclusively found in mammals and are released…
Q: How do interleukins exert its therapeutic benefits inside the body By inhibiting tumor growth and…
A: There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The immunity that is…
Q: During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen…
A: When epinephrine binds to its receptor on a muscle cell (a type of G protein-coupled receptor), it…
Q: Which of the following in the PKA pathwaycan NOT be mutated to inhibit or activate the GPCR…
A: Cell signalling pathways control changes in cell metabolism.
Q: Compare and discuss intergrin and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway . Show the difference and…
A: Note: please upload second question separably. Answer: Introduction: Integrin signaling pathway:…
Q: Even though GRB2 lacks intrinsic enzyme activity, it is an essential component of the epidermal…
A: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,…
Q: When glucose is low and CAMP is present, CAMP's role is to. Activate catabolite activator protein…
A: Ans-When glucose is low and CAMP is present, CAMP's role is to-Activate catabolite activator protein…
Q: When epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds…
A: Cancer is caused by many reasons as a result that we see unregulated cell division and growth.
Q: What specific molecules are secreted by cells and function to alter or regulate target-cell…
A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life of all living organisms capable of…
Q: PKA signaling can be turned off through the activation of A. A protein phosphatase B. CAMP O C.A…
A: In biology, to perform everyday functions properly the cells require to communicate with each other.…
Q: How does the increased Ca21 concentration elicit the cells’ responses?
A: Those compounds that are present in the food that living beings intake for a better and healthy life…
Q: why does the activation of M-cdk also result in the activation of Cdc25? What is the mechanism…
A: Cell cycle checkpoints are regulatory systems present in the eukaryotic cell cycle. It guarantees…
Q: Explain the activation of the protein kinase, c-raf, in response to growth factor receptor…
A: Cell signalling:- the cell responds a particular extra-cellular signal by binding of the ligand…
Q: Part A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific…
A: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) depicts an innovative conserved family of secreted polypeptide…
Q: What is the role of negative feedback in a cell-signalling pathway? To switch off a signal once…
A: Introduction: Feedback is the knowledge gathered about how a product is received that enables the…
Q: Which statement regarding the effects of phosphorylation on a target protein and the effects of…
A: Phosphorylation may have both the role i.e it can activate or inactivate the protein so, yes…
Q: answers:
A: 2.option k L arginine is an essential amino acids that helps to increase the level of nitric oxide,…
Q: A modification is made in the Gas (G alpha s) signaling pathway by the process of evolution. This…
A: First section answer is (D)Active PKA inhibits adenylyl Cyclase. Histone acetyltransferases can…
Q: How would a mutation in ras that leads to formation of a Ras proteinwith no GTPase activity affect a…
A: A mutation in ras that inactive the Ras GTPase activity creates a protein that, once activated by…
Q: 6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen…
A: Answer: Introduction: Epinephrine is a hormone formed by the adrenal glands present overhead the…
Q: What is the difference between Prima-1 and nutlins in the way they would fight cancer?
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…
Q: which of hthe following would result in a persisting proliferation response to growth factor…
A: In the on state Ras protein remains active and is GTP bound whereas in the off state it is inactive…
Q: a clinical study, it was found that copaiba essential oil positively regulated multiple signaling…
A: Signalling Pathways are a series of chemical reactions in which a group of molecules in a cell work…
Q: Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the…
A: In biological systems, the type of regulation in which the final product results in the decline of…
Q: Use the EGF Pathway passage to answer the questions. EGF signals by binding to cell surface EGF…
A: EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) is a 53 amino acid residue small protein. It is involved in…
How does PKC's signaling role change in response to growth factor signaling versus an immune response
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Binding of TGF-β to its receptors can elicit a variety of responses in different cell types. For example, TGF-β induces plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in epithelial cells and specific immunoglobulins in B cells. In both cell types, Smad3 is activated. Given the conservation of the signaling pathway, what accounts for the diversity of the response to TGF-β in various cell types?How does YopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway?Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase Kinase is Phosphorylated Proteins involved in gene transcription are activated Growth factor binds to its receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane Receptor recruits adaptor protein and GEF Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptor Structural change of the receptor activates Tyrosine Kinase Map Kinase Kinase Kinase is phosphorylated Ras, a small GTPase, is activated by the exchange of GTP for GDP Map Kinase is Phosphorylated Map Kinase enters the nucleus
- TLRs activate NFkB, AP-1, and IRF transcription factors to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. A key feature of TLR signaling is the ability to induce inflammatory cytokine gene expression extremely rapidly following TLR stimulation. This is accomplished by signaling pathways using several mechanisms to activate transcription factors that are already present in the cell prior to TLR stimulation, but are kept in an inactive state. These signaling pathways use all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: Induced ubiquitination leading to protein degradation Induced ubiquitination inducing protein–protein interactions Induced phosphorylation leading to nuclear translocation Induced phosphorylation leading to kinase activation Induced phosphorylation preventing protein degradationWhich proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the need to be activated by a family of kinases?A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.
- How does PKC’s signaling role change in response to growth factor signaling versus an immune response? PKC interacts directly with signaling molecules in both cascades, but only exhibits kinase activity during growth factor signaling. PKC interacts directly with signaling molecules in growth factor cascades, but interacts with signaling inhibitors during immune signaling. PKC amplifies growth factor cascades, but turns off immune cascades. PKC is activated during growth factor cascades, but is inactivated during immune response cascades.Once an activated signaling pathway has elicited the proper changes in target gene expression, the pathway must be inactivated. Otherwise, pathological consequences may result, as exemplified by persistent growth factor initiated signaling in many cancers. Many signaling pathways possess intrinsic negative feedback by which a downstream event in a pathway turns off an upstream event. Describe the negative feedback that down-regulates signals induced by (a) erythropoietin and (b) TGF-β.The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T cell receptor, which consists of an antigen-binding αβ transmembrane protein as well as a set of transmembrane signaltransducing proteins known as CD3 that are targets of NRTKs. Thecytoplasmic domains of the CD3 proteins are positively charged and, in the absence of antigen, interact with the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane in such a way that buries several of their Tyr residues in the lipidbilayer. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor leads to a localized infl ux ofCa2+ ions. (a) Explain how a high concentration of Ca2+ could promote phosphorylation and activation of the CD3 proteins. (b) Would this henomenon make the T lymphocyte more or less responsive to the antigen?
- Which of the following would be expected to inhibit PKC activation by a GPCR ligand? phospholipase C inhibitor cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ras inhibitor MAP kinase inhibitorHow would you expect intracellular signaling to be altered in cells that have been infected with cholera compared to non-infected cells?Part A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific proteins it is signaling through. You want to do a single Western blot to measure changes in signaling activity, regardless of which pathway is being activated. For which protein involved in these pathways could you measure the levels in the nucleus of cells and be confident in your results? Why? This part was already posted on chegg, but I didn't understand the answer. I need a thorough explanation, so I can fully understand. Part B (Short Response): There have been many attempts to block TGF-β signaling in cancer through many different mechanisms, but none of been very successful. Why do you think this is? I know they have gotten close to being successful, but I don't know what preventing their success.