6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Zymogen activation Competitive inhibition Allosteric regulation Covalent modification
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6)During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by:
Zymogen activation
Competitive inhibition
Allosteric regulation
Covalent modification
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- During the epinephrine signaling pathway we learned about in class, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by: Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Competitive inhibition Zymogen activationPhosphorylase kinase integrates signals from thecyclic-AMP-dependent and Ca2+-dependent signalingpathways that control glycogen breakdown in liver andmuscle cells (Figure Q15–4). Phosphorylase kinase is com-posed of four subunits. One is the protein kinase that cata-lyzes the addition of phosphate to glycogen phosphorylaseto activate it for glycogen breakdown. The other three sub-units are regulatory proteins that control the activity of thecatalytic subunit. Two contain sites for phosphorylation byPKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP. The remaining sub-unit is calmodulin, which binds Ca2+ when the cytosolicCa2+ concentration rises. The regulatory subunits controlthe equilibrium between the active and inactive confor-mations of the catalytic subunit, with each phosphate andCa2+ nudging the equilibrium toward the active confor-mation. How does this arrangement allow phosphorylasekinase to serve its role as an integrator protein for the mul-tiple pathways that stimulate glycogen…The epinephrine-mediated “amplificationcascade” of Figure 24.14 has six steps, all of which are catalyticwith one exception. This cascade leads to the activation of glycogenphosphorylase. This enzyme acts in turn on glycogen to yieldglucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P).(a) Which step is not catalytic?(b) If each catalytic step had a turnover (molecules of substrateacted on per molecule of enzyme) of 10, how many moleculesof G-1-P would result from one molecule of epinephrine?(c) What is the biochemical advantage of such a cascade?(d) How is the amplification cascade of this questionreversed?
- 22. For this question, you may want to analyze Fig. 16.25 on your book. Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells by ultimately activating glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that breaks down glycogen, as depicted in the figure below. adrenaline. activated GPCR (adrenergic receptor) Answer: Explanation: activated adenylyl cyclase inactive PKA inactive phosphorylase kinase ATP CAMP ADP activated a subunit of stimulatory G protein (G₁) active PKA inactive glycogen phosphorylase GTP ATP cyclic AMP ATP ADP CYTOSOL active phosphorylase kinase active glycogen phosphorylase ELE GLYCOGEN BREAKDOWN Which of the following statements is false? A) A constitutively active (i.e., always expressed) mutant form of PKA (cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylase kinase) in skeletal muscle cells would lead to a decrease in the amount of unphosphorylated phosphorylase kinase. B) A constitutively active mutant form of PKA in skeletal muscle cells would not increase the affinity of…Diabetes often results in the production of reduced levels of insulin. Researchers claim that a drug that binds to and blocks the active site of GSK3 might mimic the role of insulin in the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.5. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is an important enzyme regulating insulin signaling be- cause it catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphorylated tyrosine residues on the insulin receptor and on insulin receptor substrates, proteins of approximately 200,000 molecular weight that serve as cell sig- naling intermediates. The reaction has been shown to adhere to the following mechanism in the scheme below: k3 E-P 2- E + AROPO, НОРО,* 2- E • AROPO, ArОH where ArOPO32- represents the phosphorylated aromatic group. (a) (. ) With p-nitrophenyl-phosphate (PNPP), a syn- thetic organic substrate under conditions [So] >> Eo], the traces illustrated in the diagram to the right were obtained whereby the optical density at 410 nm monitors the release of the p-nitrophenolate anion (see reaction scheme above) upon cleavage of the ArOPO32- substrate. What is this phe- nomenon called? What information does this observation 0.14 0.12 [PTP1]=0.054 mM 0.1 0.08 0.06 [PTP1]=0.027 mM 0.04 provide about…
- Which of the following regarding GPCR's is FALSE? GPCR ligand binding stimulates phosphorylation of the heterotrimeric G protein GPCR's have seven transmembrane domains The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein is active in its GTP bound state The beta-gamma subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein performs signaling functionsSteroid hormones are required by the body at puberty and into adolescence to regulate growth and cell division at more rapid pace than in later life. This regulation occurs via their interaction with cellular receptors and the signaling cascades/pathways that follow. Describe for me the difference between the two major classes of steroids, anabolic and catabolic steroids. What might you expect the result of signaling cascades to be in cells receiving either anabolic or catabolic “signals”? (B) At some point in late adolescence, steroid production decreases by almost 100 fold, as we transition into “adulthood”. Why might we wish to stop these signals from constantly being in our blood stream, (like, Say, between 17-24 years of age)? What result might these steroids have on cancer cells where abhorrent signaling is already causing an increased rate of cell division/growth? Could steroid use result in Cancer?Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling Discuss the nature of the TNF ligand and the receptor for that ligand, and explain the general steps in the pathway (use figure 8.53 and explain in your own words). Make sure to include an explanation of the proteolytic and phosphorylation cascades. What advantage is there in having a cascade part of these pathways? What purpose does it serve?
- 43. Sequentially list the signal transduction process from ligand binding to biological response for the phospholipase C system. You may use the appropriate abbreviations in your list."Continual addition and removal of phosphates by protein kinase and protein phosphatases is wasteful of energy-since their combined action consumes ATP-but it is a necessary consequence of effective regulation by phosphorylation" is true or false.A strain of mice has been developed that lack the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. Yet, after strenuous exercise, the glycogen stores of a mouse of this strain are depleted. Explain how this depletion is possible.