Which of the following signal transduction pathways is most commonly associated with the developmental processes of forelimb and hindlimb specification, blood cell differentiation, fetal bone growth, and ocular development? O TGF-B superfamily O FGF family O Notch-Delta signaling O Hedgehog family Wnt family

which of hthe following would result in a persisting proliferation response to growth factor receptor activation after the ligand is no longer binding to its rceptor kinase?    1. Both a mutation that blocks the GTPas activity of Ras and a mutation that blocks the exchange of GDP with GTP would cause the response to persist. 2. a mutation that blocks the GTPas activity of Ras 3. neither a mutation that blocks the GTPas activity of Ras nor a mutation that blocks the exchange of GDP with GTP would cause the response to persist 4. a mutatiaon that blocks the exchange of GDP with GTP

11. Explain the role of cytochrome c, Bax/Bac, Fas receptor-ligand, caspases, IGFBP3 in causing apoptosis of cells, based on the figures given below. death ligand cytotoxic cell death receptor plasma membrane -granzyme B executioner caspase 3 initiator caspase 8 procaspases caspase 8 caspase 10 tBid executioner Bid cytochrome c procaspases Apaf-1 apoptosome caspase 9 ICAD lamin death substrates vimentin actin etc. Figure 9.34 The Biology of Cancer (O Garland Science 2014)

How does the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway work? Taking into consideration the cellular and molecular details and how the signalling pathway works and is used by a cell of the innate or the adaptive immune system to regulate gene expression.

Suppose that a G protein undergoes a mutation that allows the exchange of bound GTP for GDP to occur in the absence of G protein binding to a re- ceptor. How might this mutation affect signaling involving a GPCR? Which subunit of the G protein is most likely affected by the mutation?

In a specific type of tumor, cytotoxic T cells can recognize but not kill the tumor cell. Interaction of PD-L1 in tumor cells with PD1 in cytotoxic T cells plays a role in shaping the immune response by initiating signal transduction cascades in both cell types.  What will happen if the  signal transduction cascade in cytotoxic T cells is blocked?    T cells will be activated and kill tumor cells    T cells can recognize the cancer cells but will not be activated     Tumor cell will undergo programmed cell death

Which of the following signal transduction pathways is most commonly associated with the developmental processes of anterior posterior limb polarity, digestive system specification, axis formation, and ventralization of the neural tube? FGF family Wnt family Notch-Delta signaling Hedgehog family TGF-B superfamily