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Explain why, in humans, chromosomal mutation rates in females are much higher than in males.
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- “In an organism that reproduces asexually, there is no difference between a somatic cell mutation and a germ line mutation.” Is this statement true? Explain.Discuss the following types of mutations, with reference to specific genetic disorders: i) Chromosomal deletion; ii) Reciprocal translocation; and iii) HaploinsufficiencyTheodor Boveri predicted that malignancies would often be associated with chromosomal mutation. What lines of evidence substantiate this prediction?
- Explain what happens to the sequence of DNA during trinucleotiderepeat expansion (TNRE). If someone was mildly affected with a TNRE disorder, what issues would be important when considering possible effects in future offspring?Discuss the consequences of a germ-line versus a somatic mutation.Is homologous recombination an example of mutation? Explain.
- in a paragraph discuss some examples of the effects of chromosomal mutations in humans in your own words.Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes?Each of the four types of structural chromosomal mutations is illustrated below. Label each picture with the type of chromosomal mutation that has occurred.
- Our understanding of maternal effect genes has been greatly aided by their identification in experimental organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. In experimental organisms with a short generation time, geneticists have successfully searched for mutant alleles that prevent the normal process of embryonic development. In many cases, the offspring die at early embryonic or larval stages. These are called maternal effect lethal alleles. How would a researcher identify a mutation that produced a recessive maternal effect lethal allele?Why would a mutation in a somatic cell of a multicellular organism not necessarily result in a detectable phenotype?Describe three examples of errors in cellular processes that lead to DNA duplications.