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- In liver cells, glycogen phosphorylase acts in which of the three stages of the signaling pathway associated with an epinephrine-initiated signal?Describe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.Trace the signaling pathway in a liver cell using the information below: When the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated, effects on the liver include an increase in the breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use by muscle cells and other tissues. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are two neurotransmitters of the SNS that bind with alpha-1 adrenergic receptors present on the surface of liver cells (hepatocytes). T Protein activates the 2nd messengers Phosholipase C, which in turn produces IP3 and DAG (describe how PLC does this). The cellular response is an increase in permeability of the cell to calcium ions (Ca2") (make sure to include which of the second messengers cause this response). This causes an increase in Ca2+ binding to calmodulin. Calmodulin then causes the phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphory lase kinase. This causes an increase of activity for the enzyme glycogen phosphory lase, breaking down glycogen stores. Protein kinase C (PKC) is also activated…
- Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/hormonebind) to watch an animation of the events thatoccur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor.What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclaseduring the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?In muscle cells, when adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptor, it trigger signaling cascade leading to active glycogen phosphorylate breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (Glycogen -> G1P). Base on following figure, describe this signaling cascade:Describe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?
- Describe how a hormone can bind to a membrane-boundreceptor, directly change enzyme activity inside the cell,and increase phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.Give examples.Which of the following results are most likely to be observed in liver enzymes following initiation of glucagon signaling? O Enzymes that showed lower activity were unphosphorylated. Enzymes that showed altered activity (higher or lower) were methylated. Enzymes that showed altered activity (higher or lower) were phosphorylated. Enzymes that showed higher activity were sulfonated.In the liver and muscle cells, epinephrine stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen by inhibiting glycogen synthesis and stimulating glycogen breakdown. Outline the signaling events that occur after epinephrine binds to its receptor and the resultant increase in the concentration of intracellular cAMP and release of glucose.
- Trace in a stepwise manner the signaling pathway that involves a g-protein receptor leading to the release of intracellular calcium. Specify what class of hormones would be involved in this pathway.In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?Practice question 1B) Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer. Individuals with the se cancers may be treated with one of the following chemotherapeutic drugs. Complete the table below about their me chanisms of action. In which cellular Which process is targeted first compartment/structure/organelle by this drug? Drug Drug's mechanism of action does this proce ss occur? (replica tion, mitosis, transcription, translation, or If more than 1 location, be sure to specify ALL relevant locations. none of the above)? A Inhibits microtubule assembly Create inter- or intra-strand crosslinking in DNA preventing strand separation Inhibits synthesis of non-essential amino acids Drug CH3 HN HN PPPO O N. PPPO O OH OH 5-deoxythymydine triphosphate (DTTP) 5-deoxyuridine triphosphate (DUTP)