Describe how blood sugar (e.g. glucose plasma concentration) is regulated with the hormones, insulin, and glucagon. For this feedback loop, identify the following components of the feedback loop: stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent pathway, effector, and response. Be comfortable with this feedback loop to be able to describe the effects of changing various components of the feedback loop.
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Describe how blood sugar (e.g. glucose plasma concentration) is regulated with the hormones, insulin, and glucagon. For this feedback loop, identify the following components of the feedback loop: stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent pathway, effector, and response. Be comfortable with this feedback loop to be able to describe the effects of changing various components of the feedback loop.
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- 1) As a physiologist, which of the following terms should you immediately associate with negative feedback regulation? Answer choices Constancy Relative constancy Relative constancy in interstitial fluid Relative constancy in intracellular fluid 2) Which of the following is true about physiological set-points? Answer choices They act as the integrating center in a negative feedback arc They represent the internal environment They are determined by the actions of the receptors and integrating centers They are constant They act as the effector in a negative feedback arc 3) What is the general purpose of negative feedback mechanisms? Answer choice a. to maintain a constant internal environment b. To anticipate changes in the environment c. To return a variable to its set-point d. To bring about the rapid change of a variable e. To detect changes in the external environmentFeedback loops regulate the release of hormones in either a positive or negative loop. Consider this example: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). TSH then stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. When elevated levels of thyroid hormone are detected by the hypothalamus and pituitary further release of TRH and TSH is suppressed. a. What type of feedback loop is described and briefly explain that type of Feedback loop?Give an example of a feedback mechanism in the human body. Explain your example briefly. Make sure to identify the type of feedback (negative or positive), the receptor, the control center and the effector.
- Feedback loops regulate the release of hormones in either a positive or negative loop. Consider this example: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). TSH then stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. When elevated levels of thyroid hormone are detected by the hypothalamus and pituitary further release of TRH and TSH is suppressed. a. What type of feedback loop is described and briefly explain that type of feedback loop? * Your answer (LENGHT DOESN'T MATTER, I NEED IT ASASP PLEASE)The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose (sugar) from the blood into most body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the insulin-secreting cells. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct? A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further towers blood glucose concentration. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn lowers blood glucose concentration. A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn increases blood glucose concentration. An increase in blood glucose concentration stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn further increases blood glucose concentration. None of the preceding is correct.Feedback loops regulate the release of hormones in either a positive or negative loop. Consider this example: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). TSH then stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. When elevated levels of thyroid hormone are detected by the hypothalamus and pituitary further release of TRH and TSH is suppressed. b. What would happen to the levels of TRH and TSH if a tumor of the thyroid gland were discovered resulting in uncontrolled release of the thyroid hormone from the tumor itself? * Your answer (LENGHT DOESN'T MATTER, I NEED IT ASASP PLEASE)
- Positive feedback loops are used in chemical messaging in the body. Below is a list of steps that describe how a positive feedback system works in chemical messaging. The list is out of order. Placed the list in the proper order. 1. A sensor in a persons finger senses a change in the bloodstream. 2. The chemical messenger triggers the production of a specialized protein in the finger in response to the original signal. 3. A chemical messenger is released from the brain and travels to the finger. 4. As the specialized protein is made in the finger, it triggers the production of even more specialized protein. 5. The brain determines that conditions are no longer in homeostasis.Glycogen breakdown is stimulated by a signaling cascade that is an excellent example of signal amplification. Amplification in glycogen breakdown is where a small number of signal molecules (hormones) activate a rapid and large release of glucose. Which of the following is the correct sequence for this signaling cascade in skeletal muscle cells? O epinephrine, GPCR, Protein kinase A (PKA), phosphorylase b kinase O insulin, insulin receptor (RTK), protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), glycogen phosphorylase glucagon, GPCR, Protein kinase A (PKA), glycogen synthase O epinephrine, protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), phosphorylase b kinase, glycogen synthase insulin, insulin receptor (RTK), protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), bifunctional enzyme, glycogen synthaseWhich of the following correctly orders the steps of insulin secretion from the pancreas: Increased glucose passes into beta cells > Depolarziation opens calcium channels > ATP Levels increase > Potassium channels close due to ATP > insulin secretion ATP levels increase > Potassium channels close due to ATP > Increased glucose passes into beta cells > Depolarization opens calcium channels > insulin secretion Depolarization opens calcium channels > Increased glucose passes into beta cells > ATP levels increase > Potassium channels close due to ATP > insulin secretion Increased glucose passes into beta cells > ATP levels increase > Potassium channels close due to increased ATP > Depolarization opens calcium channels > insulin secretion
- For the following physiological events, identify the following components of homeostatic control Variable Stimulus Receptor Input Control center Output Effector Response Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a hormone regularly released by the hypothalamus. Once released, it then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland causing it to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then stimulates the thyroid gland to release the hormones T3 and T4. T3 and T4 have two main effects. First, they increase overall metabolism. Secondly, T3 and T4 can bind to these receptors on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, inhibiting the production of TRH and TSH respectively.Organismal homeostasis depends upon the presence of control systems. Give a physiological example of a negative feedback control system its positive feedback. Clearly describe the role(s) that each of the following elements plays in all control systems: such as controller, effector and receptor.Describe in details how epinephrine acts on skeletal muscle to break down glycogen during a ‘flight or fight' reaction. Use key terms: hormone, GPCR, G-protein, cyclic AMP in your response. Please include relevant diagrams and explain them.