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Cancer-causing mutations in genes can have different effects on the protein products expressed. a) What type of mutation would be dominant in the development of cancer? Why? b) What type of mutation would be expressed as a recessive trait in the development of cancer? Why? c) Based upon your answers to parts (a) and (b), how would you treat these situations using a gene therapy approach?
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- Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor gened)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:(1) hereditary or germline mutations that are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.(2) acquired or somatic mutations that occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body.If there is no family history of a particular disease but a child has the disease then it may have arisen due to a(n) ________ mutation early during development. A) acquired B) inherited C) silent D) transition
- Which of the examples of genetic testing below are prognostic tests? Which are diagnostic? (a) Individual sequencing (personal genomics) identifies a mutation associated with Alzheimer’s disease. (b) ASO testing determines that an individual is a carrier for the mutant b@globin allele (bS) found in sickle-cell anemia. (c) DNA sequencing of a breast tumor reveals mutations in the BRCA1 gene. (d) Genetic testing in a healthy teenager identifies an SNP correlated with autism. (e) An adult diagnosed with Asperger syndrome (AS) has a genetic test that reveals a SNP in the GABRB3 gene that is significantly more common in people with AS than the general population.Which of the following is an enabling characteristic for cancer that can increase the likelihood of both passenger and driver mutations? a) Increased angiogenesis O b) Tumor-promoting inflammation O c) Avoiding immune destruction O d) Genome instability acerSarah has always lived what many consider an active and healthy lifestyle. She makes a conscious effort to eat well and exercise daily, never smoked, and drinks moderately. Many of Sarah's female relatives (including her mother and grandmother) have had breast cancer. Sarah has decided to have her genome sequenced. She is specifically interested in whether she shows mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are linked to breast cancer. What information can be drawn from the sequence data Sarah will receive? Justify your answer. • Sarah will know if she will develop breast cancer. • Sarah will know if and when she will develop breast cancer. • Sarah will know the severity of her breast cancer based on the number of mutations; that is, the more mutations in those genes, the greater the severity of the disease. • Sarah will know whether she is predisposed to breast cancer. • Sarah will know that she will not develop breast cancer if there are no mutations in those genes.
- What are the biggest challenges that mutations pose to oncologists and cancer biologists who seek to find novel cures against cancers?In the pathway below, normal signalling driving cell division requires a mitogen (ligand), an RTK, Ras and proteins X and Y. Which of the following statements is true about the genes that encode the mitogen and Ras in healthy cells? mitogen active Ras protein CYTOSOL GTP active signaling protein Y active receptor active signaling protein X tyrosine kinase CELL DIVISON1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.
- The phenotype of a heterozygous mouse (Aa) is agouti. The agouti banding pattern is due to altered expression of the agouti gene. Which of the following statement is false? a) Expression of the agouti gene inhibits the production of eumelanin. b) Evidence suggests that the agouti gene is only expressed in tissues associated with fur production. c) Epigenetic markers silence the agouti gene resulting in dark pigmentation at the tip and root of the hair. d) All of the aboveHow can researchers pinpoint the particular driver mutations most responsible for the cancer phenotype?Which best describes genetic mutations? A) Genetic mutations that cause diseases are always passed on to offspring. B) Some inherited genetic mutations can be good for the offspring. C) Different genetic mutations cause few forms of cancer. D) Somatic mutations can be inherited from parents or acquired during life.