Describe and explain the epidemiological evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages.
Q: What does this Punnett square illustrate? A ? a Aa aa a Aa aa a logic problem an F2 crosS a Punnett ...
A: Introduction: The phenomenon of test cross was first introduced by Gregor Mendel. When F1 hybrid is ...
Q: How do protozoa digest?
A: Protozoa digest their food through intracellular digestion, which means that organic material is abs...
Q: In 40 words or fewer, explain what an enzyme cascade is in the context of signal transduction pathwa...
A: Ligands are the chemical signals between the cells that bind to the receptor protein on the surface ...
Q: How is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of gymnosperms formed?
A: Introduction:- Gymnosperms are flowerless seed plants that do not produce flowers. Gymnosperms inclu...
Q: Different between alternative complement pathway and Lectin pathway.
A: The immune system of the body is accountable for possessing two types of response which are innate i...
Q: Would you expect to find nuclear localization sequences(NLSs) in the proteins that make up prokaryot...
A: A nuclear localization sequence is an amino acid sequence that aids in protein transport (import) in...
Q: A new species is discovered in which males care for offspring after birth, and females leave the nes...
A: When parental care does occur in a species, in almost all cases females care for offspring after bir...
Q: Why restriction enzymes are used ?
A: Introduction: Restriction enzymes are endonucleases that cleaves the DNA at specific sites. They are...
Q: How are amino acids brought to the sites of the cell where translation takes place? What is an antic...
A: Introduction In this question we will discuss how are amino acids brought to the sites of the cell w...
Q: a. What can you infer regarding the function of Aquaporin 3? b. How will the drug treat constipation...
A: Water channels, also known as aquaporins, are channel proteins that belong to a larger family of key...
Q: What would happen if we could act out our dreams? Would it be like sleepwalking?
A: If anybody is having a REM sleep behavior disorder, then instead of experiencing of some ...
Q: llustrate the developmental system of plants
A: Plant development is defined as a continuous process starting with embryogenesis and the formation o...
Q: Cytochrome B6F pumps protons (H+ ions) from: The lumen into the stroma The stroma into the lumen The...
A: Introduction: Electron transport chain or system is the series of electron carriers, enzyme and cyto...
Q: In humans, the condition for normal blood clotting dominates the condition for nonclotting(hemophili...
A: Hemophilia is a X-linked recessive disorder that is responsible for defect in blood clotting. The he...
Q: Why do we use 1:2? Can you please explain this exercise?? Thank you!
A: In both basic and applied research, microbiology is a highly significant area. Proteomics, genomics,...
Q: What is catalase and why do some microorganisms have it? Name two other types of bacteria that are c...
A: Introduction: Bacteria is a single celled prokaryotic organism. Their cell structure is simpler than...
Q: . In the PCR process, if we assume that each cycle takes5 minutes, how manyfold amplification would ...
A: Introduction: PCR(Polymerase Chain rlReaction) is a technique used to amplify a single copy or a few...
Q: A condition wherein there is a blending of traits on the third phenotype. multiple alleles lethal ge...
A: The debunked hypothesis that passing down features from two parents results in kids with attributes ...
Q: Which high energy molecules are needed to power the reactions of the Calvin- Benson cycle? O ATP + W...
A: Note- as we are allowed to do one question at a time. therefore, i will be providing answer for firs...
Q: Mitosis is the formation of two new ______________, while cytokinesis divides the cell into two new ...
A: Introduction :- Cytokinesis is the physical process through which a mother cell's cytoplasm is divid...
Q: 1. The North American garter snake (Thamnophis) has a number of sympatric populations that can be ei...
A: * Allopatric speciation also called vicariant speciation is a type of speciation when populations ge...
Q: Describe Reproductive based on adaptation and speciation. Give a real world example.
A:
Q: Bacterial capsules work by _____. View Available Hint(s) for Part E protecting the bacterium f...
A: So correct option will be protecting the bacterium from engulfment Capsules made of substances occur...
Q: Most of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere came from photosynthesis True O False
A: Introduction: Photosynthesis is the process of preparing food in the presence of sunlight and chloro...
Q: Explain the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication ?
A: DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that helps in binding of the strands of DNA together. Okazaki fragmen...
Q: In medicine, there are many essential but difficult topics, phenomena, concepts and problems. The in...
A: Introduction: Doctors all over the world are given the stature next to God. It happens so mostly bec...
Q: WHAT IS THE ECONOMICS IMPORTANCE OF PENICILLUM DIGITATUM? WITH SOURCE PLEASE.
A: Answer
Q: Chromosomes are visible under the microscope during cell division because, disintegration of the nuc...
A: Chromatin is the complex made up of DNA and proteins. It is found in eukaryotic cells and is respons...
Q: What structural features are shared by spliceosomes(Figures 8-16 and 8-17) and ribosomes? Why are bo...
A: Proteins are polymers of amino acids that have diverse roles.
Q: A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____. View Available Hin...
A: Toxins are the poisonous responses that are produced by the bacteria so that they can access the hos...
Q: What is the optimum requirements of the squash soup to know if that soup is acceptable and high qual...
A: Squash soup It is rich in vitamin A, potassium, fiber, and several other vital nutrients. These nut...
Q: Explain how domain shuffling could occur by recombination (crossing over) of different genes during ...
A: Domain shuffling is a process where gene segments coding functional domains are shuffled between dif...
Q: a. The name of each level of treatment. b. A description of the type of treatment used at each level...
A: Wastewater is the waste discharge of water from various sources like household, industrial and storm...
Q: Reverse transcriptases do not proofread as they synthesize DNA using an RNA template. What do you th...
A: Introduction A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that produces complementary DNA from an RNA templa...
Q: Describe and give example of Gametic on Adaptation and Speciation
A: Gametic Speciation:- Gametic isolation is a type of pre zygotic barrier where the gametes( egg and s...
Q: There is now significant evidence to support the existence of cytoneme-mediated delivery of signalin...
A: Cytoneme: it is signalling filopodia that provide conduit for spatial distribution of morphogen. Thi...
Q: 26. Most basic approach on pattern of inheritance: A. Classical B. Molecular C. Polulation D. None
A: The DNA is the genetic material in living organisms that is a double stranded antiparallel molecule....
Q: Which of the following statements regarding loss of function and gain of function mutations is true?...
A: Mutations are alterations in the DNA sequence of an organism. Small changes, such as adding or remov...
Q: Which of the following is not depicted in the diagram attached? A. Okazaki fragment B. Replication f...
A: Origin of replication is not depicted in the diagram. An origin of replication is a sequence of DNA ...
Q: A small-scale pedigree study involving 15 families with a total of 50 children was performed to dete...
A: C. z = 0.2 indicating no linkage Synopsis Genome-wide experiments are rapidly changing our underst...
Q: What are the respective functions of the separation of homologous chromosomes and of the separation ...
A: Introduction In this question we will discuss about the respective functions of the separation of ho...
Q: Certain species of animals tolerate body temperatures of 50°C,but the vast majority do not. Some spe...
A: Introduction: When the body temperature is too high hypothalamus sends signals to the capillaries th...
Q: MHC)
A:
Q: Which animal is the most distant relative (less related) to the other three? Zebra Animalia Rhinocer...
A: Classification is the way to categorize organisms depending upon their characters. classifications ...
Q: Explain how prokaryotic cells reproduce.
A: Prokaryotic cells have genetic material but no nucleus; instead, their genetic material is stored in...
Q: Identify the term that best matches the definition or description given. a trait found on the X or Y...
A: A trait found on the X or Y chromosome = sex-linked trait Genes that are on the same chro...
Q: . . Which is better indicator for Salmonella, coliforms or E. coli? Explain/defend your answer. .
A: Salmonella contamination is brought about by a group of salmonella bacteria called Salmonella. The m...
Q: Which of the following would be unlikely to cause a cell-mediated immune response? View Available Hi...
A: The correct option is Staphylococcus aureus. Hepatitis B virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and diff...
Q: Which type of toxin, when secreted, may lead to the disruption of the cells within the gastrointesti...
A: Enterotoxin
Q: 9. It is noted recurrent vomiting, weakness, sleepiness, and convulsive attacks, as well, in patient...
A: The symptoms of this diorder includes lack of appetite, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures, and/or coma....
Question 1. Describe and explain the epidemiological evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages..
Question 2. Describe and explain the genetic evidence supporting the view that cancer develops through a multi-step process involving increasingly severe stages.
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.This is a blank question. Thank you in advance, Bloom Syndrome Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. It is characterized by short stature and a long narrow face with prominent nose and ears. There is also increased sensitivity to light. People who have the disorder often develop rashes on their face, forearms, and hands when they have been exposed to the sun. In addition, these people often suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and have a higher chance of developing cancer. The cause of this genetic disorder is a mutation in the BLM gene located on chromosome 15. The immediate effect of this mutation is that there is a defect in the functioning of the DNA helicase enzyme. What would be the effect of this mutation on DNA replication? What stage of the cell cycle would be most affected?1. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T Heterogeneity
- For many years, targeted therapies for cancer treatment continue to be developed, however more and more patients are developing resistance to targeted therapies. Discuss one mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies for cancer and provide an example of how might creatively combat it using clinical concepts.What is meant by the "two-hit" model of cancer development? Describe this theory in detail and explain why this makes sense with the observation that cancer is typically seen in people who are >60 years of age.The chapter points out that about one of every five women and one of every four men in the United States will die from cancer. Why arerates of death from cancer different in men and women? Provide some possible explanations. 3. A couple has one child with bilateral retinoblastoma. The mother is free from cancer, but the father has unilateral retinoblastoma and he has a brother who has bilateral retinoblastoma. a. If the couple has another child, what is the probability that this next child will have retinoblastoma? b. If the next child has retinoblastoma, is it likely to be bilateral or unilateral? c. Explain why the father’s case of retinoblastoma is unilateral, whereas his son’s and brother’s cases are bilateral
- Out of these 8 hallmarks ( sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction). Rank them from least important to most for cancer development. Explain in 2-3 sentences how.Answer the following multiple-choice questions about cancer-promoting mutations. A gene whose mutant alleles function in a recessive way to predispose an individual’s cells to develop into cancer is called: A. a polymerase B. a proto-oncogene C. a tumor suppressor D. an oncogene EXPLAIN in 1-2 sentences:Describe the progression of cancer from an early benign lesion to a genetically heterogeneous malignant tumour and how this knowledge is used to design current and future antineoplastic treatments can you please give this in maximum detail as i am trying to understand this in extensive detail
- The growth fraction of the cancer types A 8, C, and D are 23%, 45%, 56%, and 78%, respectively. Which type of cancer is more suceptible to the chemotherapy?There are three general categories of effects resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation. Theseare: 1. Genetic - The effect is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed. 2. Somatic - The effect is primarily suffered by the individual exposed. Since cancer is theprimary result, it is sometimes called the Carcinogenic Effect. 3. In-utero - Some mistakenly consider this to be a genetic consequence of radiation exposure,because the effect, suffered by a developing embryo/fetus, is seen after birth.However, this is actually a special case of the somatic effect, since the embryo/fetusis the one exposed to the radiation. State the medical case occured from Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accidents and explain briefly the three above categories in each accidents including the diagnosis and treament (if applicable).Which of the following represents the correct order of steps leading to the development of malignant cancer?a. dysplasia . . . hyperplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . metastasis and/or invasionb. hyperplasia . . . dysplasia . . . metastasis and/or invasion . . . in situ cancerc. dysplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . hyperplasia . . . metastasis and/or invasiond. hyperplasia . . . dysplasia . . . in situ cancer . . . metastasis and/or invasion