ATP can be generated by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria through the respiratory chain, which is composed of a series of hydrogen pumps, electron carriers, and ATP synthase within the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Which of the following best describes how the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) functions in this process? Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space from the cytoplasm O The OMM allows free diffusion of ADP and ATP into and out of the intermembrane space Protons are kept inside the intermembrane space without the ability to diffuse across the OMM Electrons are generated in the OMM and transferred to the IMM
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- The majority of ATP production in aerobic cellular respiration occurs within the mitochondria during electron transport. In this phase of cellular respiration, NADH and FADH, are oxidized to become NAD+ and FAD+. The protons and electrons released during this axidation are used to establisha chemiosmotic gradient in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The potential established by this gradient is used to convert mechanical energy into the chemical energy needed to join an inorganic phosphate on to ADP, thus creating ATP. Mitochondrial DNA Lamela er membrane Inner boundary membrane - Cristal membrane Matrin- Cristae Matrix granule Ribosome ATP synthase Intermembrane space Intracristal space Peripheral space Outer membrane Parins Mitochondrion structure by Kelvin13 (CC BY-SA 3.0) Outer membrane Cyt e ATP Synthase NADH NAD+H ATP Citric ADP acid cycle Matrix Suecinate Fumee Inner membrane Intermembrane space Mitochondrial electron transport chain by Fvasconcello (CCO) a. Analyze why…Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: The ATP generated by oxidative respiration is used throughout the cell. The majority of ATP production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. How do you think ATP is made accessible to enzymes in the cytosol and other organelles?Referring to the figure below, explain why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does. Electron-transport and proton pump Oxidative phosphorylation Outer mitochondrial membrane H* -Intermembrane H+ H+ H+ space H* H+ H+ Cytochrome c H+ COQH, CoQ UU COQH2 CoQ JU U Inner mitochondrial membrane Ht e ATPase Complex II Complex II Complex IV Complex e ADP +P - Mitochondrial matrix NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD АТР H+ -H+ H+ H20
- In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ . Explain how this could cause weight loss and death.ADP and inorganic phosphate are provided for oxidative phosphorylation via an: ADP-ATP antiport and a proton-phosphate symport in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ADP-ATP antiport and a proton-phosphate symport in the outer mitochondrial membrane. O ADP-ATP antiport in the inner mitochondrial membrane and a phosphate uniport in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. ADP-phosphate symport in the inner mitochondrial membrane.In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Chemical agents that cause this effect are called uncouplers. Explain how this could cause weight loss and also death. Considering the danger, is there any use for compounds like DNP or other uncouplers?
- This UCP1 protein allows the protons (H+) of the mitochondrial intermembrane space to enter the mitochondrial matrix without going through the ATP synthase. This bypass represents a shortcut for protons and uncouples (i.e. eliminates the interrelationship between) the following two processes: The entry of protons inside the mitochondrial matrix, following their concentration gradient. The phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the ATP synthase. It is this uncoupling that gave the protein its name: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The following figure shows the location of UCP1 when it is expressed (synthesized) in the brown adipose tissues (BAT) of hibernating mammals. Question 12 Based on the UCP1 protein structure shown earlier, and based on the figure above, what type of protein is UCP1? Question 12 options: a) A primary active transporter. b) A motor protein.…Where is ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation? (where is it located immediately after the moment of synthesis) Group of answer choices the mitochondrial matrix the cytoplasm the intermembrane space the inner mitochondrial membrane Which of the following most readily donates electrons? (strongest reducing agent) Group of answer choices NADH NAD+ Ubiquinone lactate Protons first enter ATP synthase through which subunit? Group of answer choices β c γ aThe maintenance of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for continued ATP production. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the inner membranes of certain cells contain proteins, called uncoupling proteins, that are capable of transporting protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Why would mitochondria contain transporters that essentially waste energy potential in the proton gradient?
- An important function of the inner mitochondrial membrane is to provide a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of water soluble molecules and thus to generate different chemical environments on either side of the mem- brane. However, many of the substrates and products of oxidative phosphorylation are water soluble and must cross the inner membrane. How does this transport occur?Cyanide is a toxic substance. Cyanide is a cytochrome coxidase enzyme that is competitive. The last enzyme of the electron transport chain in mitochondria is cytochrome c oxidase. One of the most common substrates for cytochrome c oxidase is oxygen. Would an increase in the concentration of oxygen affect the inhibitioncaused by cyanide? How would conditions in the mitochondrial intermembrane spacechange if cytochrome c oxidase and the electron transport chain are notfunctioning properly. .Explain why this change in conditions will be harmful to a cell.The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix (see Fig. 15.11c). In this shuttle, the protons and electrons are donated to FAD, which is reduced to FADH₂. These protons and electrons are subsequently donated to coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain. End of Chapter Problem 86a How much ATP is generated per mole of glucose when the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used? (Tolerance is +/- 2%) ATP are generated per glucose.