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- Describe the movement of protons that is caused by the action of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and explain why more ATP can be generated from the addition of NADH to the system as opposed to succinate.The four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by each of the four complexes: complex I: complex II: complex III: complex IV:Two mobile electron transfer carriers are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Name these two carriers.
- Cytochrome c may associate with cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. What sort of intermolecular forces are likely to be involved in this association?An important function of the inner mitochondrial membrane is to provide a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of water soluble molecules and thus to generate different chemical environments on either side of the mem- brane. However, many of the substrates and products of oxidative phosphorylation are water soluble and must cross the inner membrane. How does this transport occur?What important enzyme is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane other than those of the electron-transportchain? Explain how its function depends on the electrontransport chain.
- The proton-motive force is a measure of the potential energy generated across the mitochondrial inner membrane during electron transport. Explain the factors that constitute this potential energy, that will be converted to the chemical energy of ATP by the cellThe function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in eukaryotic cells is to produce a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. How many protons are taken up from the matrix and transferred or used at each ETC complex?Describe the processes that are driven by mitochondrial electron transport.
- In order to pass the outer mitochondrial membrane a fatty acid Reacts with carnitine Is activated with coenzyme A Is activated with coenzyme Q Is oxidizedNADH produced in the glycolytic pathway cannot enter the mitochondrial membrane, so the shuttle systems are utilized to deliver the electrons to the ETC. Using a flowchart, illustrate and differentiate the flow of the electrons in the ETC when electrons from cytosolic NADH are delivered to the ETC via the two shuttle systems.Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.