Homework Help is Here – Start Your Trial Now!
Science
Biology
4. Describe how macrophage polarization is used in wound healing. Which cytokines are up and down regulated in M2 polarization?

4. Describe how macrophage polarization is used in wound healing. Which cytokines are up and down regulated in M2 polarization?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
See similar textbooks
icon
Related questions
Question
**Question 4:** Describe how macrophage polarization is used in wound healing. Which cytokines are upregulated and downregulated in M2 polarization? --- **Macrophage Polarization in Wound Healing:** Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages adopt distinct functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals. In wound healing, macrophages can polarize into different phenotypes, primarily M1 and M2, each playing a critical role at different stages of the healing process. - **M1 Macrophages:** These are typically involved in the initial inflammatory response. They are activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogens, producing nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species to combat infections and clear debris. - **M2 Macrophages:** As healing progresses, macrophages polarize towards the M2 phenotype, which is crucial for tissue repair and remodeling. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, promote angiogenesis, and contribute to extracellular matrix production. **Cytokines in M2 Polarization:** In M2 polarization, several cytokines are upregulated and downregulated: - **Upregulated Cytokines:** - IL-10 (Interleukin-10): An anti-inflammatory cytokine that helps suppress the immune response to facilitate tissue repair. - TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta): Plays a significant role in the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and wound healing. - **Downregulated Cytokines:** - TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): A pro-inflammatory cytokine typically downregulated in M2 polarization to reduce inflammation. - IL-12 (Interleukin-12): Also involved in pro-inflammatory responses and typically downregulated in the M2 phenotype. Understanding the dynamic roles of macrophage polarization in wound healing can inform therapeutic strategies for enhancing tissue repair and resolving chronic inflammatory conditions.
Transcribed Image Text:**Question 4:** Describe how macrophage polarization is used in wound healing. Which cytokines are upregulated and downregulated in M2 polarization? --- **Macrophage Polarization in Wound Healing:** Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages adopt distinct functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals. In wound healing, macrophages can polarize into different phenotypes, primarily M1 and M2, each playing a critical role at different stages of the healing process. - **M1 Macrophages:** These are typically involved in the initial inflammatory response. They are activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogens, producing nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species to combat infections and clear debris. - **M2 Macrophages:** As healing progresses, macrophages polarize towards the M2 phenotype, which is crucial for tissue repair and remodeling. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, promote angiogenesis, and contribute to extracellular matrix production. **Cytokines in M2 Polarization:** In M2 polarization, several cytokines are upregulated and downregulated: - **Upregulated Cytokines:** - IL-10 (Interleukin-10): An anti-inflammatory cytokine that helps suppress the immune response to facilitate tissue repair. - TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta): Plays a significant role in the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and wound healing. - **Downregulated Cytokines:** - TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): A pro-inflammatory cytokine typically downregulated in M2 polarization to reduce inflammation. - IL-12 (Interleukin-12): Also involved in pro-inflammatory responses and typically downregulated in the M2 phenotype. Understanding the dynamic roles of macrophage polarization in wound healing can inform therapeutic strategies for enhancing tissue repair and resolving chronic inflammatory conditions.
Expert Solution
steps

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTIONCheck out a sample Q&A here
Blurred answer
Knowledge Booster
Defense mechanism
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780134580999
Author:
Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:
PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:
9781947172517
Author:
Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:
OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781259398629
Author:
McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:
Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9780815344322
Author:
Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:
W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:
9781260159363
Author:
Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:
9781260231700
Author:
Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:
McGraw Hill Education
SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS